MAGA movement

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For many decades we’ve enriched foreign industry at the expense of American industry, subsidized the armies of other countries while allowing for the very sad depletion of our military. We’ve defended other nations’ borders while refusing to defend our own and spent trillions and trillions of dollars overseas while America’s infrastructure has fallen into disrepair and decay. We’ve made other countries rich while the wealth, strength and confidence of our country has dissipated over the horizon. One by one, the factories shuttered and left our shores with not even a thought about the millions and millions of American workers that were left behind. The wealth of our middle class has been ripped from their homes and then redistributed all across the world. But that is the past and now we are looking only to the future.

We assembled here today are issuing a new decree to be heard in every city, in every foreign capital and in every hall of power. From this day forward, a new vision will govern our land. From this day forward, it’s going to be only America first. America first.

— Donald Trump, Inauguration speech, January 2017[1]

"Make America Great Again" (MAGA) is a far-right movement and political slogan in the United States which rose to prominence after Donald Trump's successful 2016 presidential campaign. Originally used by Ronald Reagan in his 1980 run, the phrase became closely associated with Trump's message and served as one of his core slogans. Since his rise in popularity, the phrase has been used both by Trump's supporters and detractors as a shorthand for his electoral base, aligned politicians on a federal and state level, and overall political ideology as a subset of the broader Republican Party. This heterogeneous movement combined the traditional Republican middle class suburban (typically boomer) base with white supremacists, neo-fascists, and reactionary elements of the bourgeoisie and petite-bourgeoisie especially to create a new movement which helped to elect Trump in 2016. This nascent, self-aware force is variously known by terms like Trumpism, MAGAism, or America First, but the term MAGA Republicans was solidified in part by a campaign speech made by President Joe Biden in 2022 condemning the faction and clearly distinguishing it from respectable, "mainstream" Republicans.[2]

Leftist analysis of, and response to, the surging MAGA movement has been splintered and disorganized, especially due to the weak position of the US left. Some organizations, such as the CPUSA, refer to MAGA as "fascistic" or "neo-fascist"[3] and, inspired by the traditional "United Front" theory, support voting for Biden or another candidate to prevent a second Trump term.[4][5] Other leftists argue that the elements of fascism are not salient enough to justify voting for Biden, whose presidency has been universally criticized by leftists, or consider Trumpism to be subordinate to the Republicans and so disorganized that it failed to accomplish any clear goal during the January 6 riot.[instances needed] This situation has even resulted in deviations such as MAGA Communism, which combines Trump's nationalistic rhetoric with social democratic politics and opposition to "woke" liberal Democrats and leftism in general.

Campaign slogan

In December 2011, following speculation that he would challenge sitting president Barack Obama in the 2012 United States presidential election, Trump released a statement in which he said he was unwilling to rule out running as a presidential candidate in the future, explaining "I must leave all of my options open because, above all else, we must make America great again."[6] The same month, he published Time to Get Tough: Making America #1 Again which was later reissued with the subtitle "Make America Great Again!" during his 2015 presidential campaign.[7] In 2012, a group of his supporters submitted paperwork which would have allowed Trump to use the name for his own third party should he choose to form one;[8] Trump himself began using the slogan formally the day after Obama was re-elected. He has since claimed that he had been unaware of Reagan's use of the phrase.[9][10]

During his 2016 campaign, Trump's team developed and sold various types of merchandise labelled with the phrase, but red baseball caps with the words in white text became by far the most popular. The hats became a symbol of his base and were treated in some contexts as socially unacceptable, to the point that some people complained of being associated with the group for wearing ordinary red hats, difficult to distinguish at a distance.[11][12][13][14][15][16] The slogan was so important to the campaign that at one point it spent more on making the hats – sold for $25 each on its website – than on polling, consultants, or television commercials. Millions were sold, and Trump estimated that counterfeit versions outnumbered the real hat ten to one but said, "every time somebody buys one, that's an advertisement."[9]

Donald Trump in 2019 during the apex of his presidency.

In 2017, after only one year in office, Trump had already decided on the slogan "Keep America Great" for his re-election campaign,[17] which he used in 2020 alongside the former slogan.[18] Within a week after Trump left office following his farcical attempt to stay in power, he spoke to advisors about possibly establishing a third party, which he suggested might be named either the "Patriot Party" or "Make America Great Again Party". In his first few days out of office, he also supported Arizona state party chairwoman Kelli Ward, who likewise called for the creation of a "MAGA Party". In late January 2021, the former president viewed the proposed MAGA Party as leverage to prevent Republican senators from voting to convict him during the Senate impeachment trial, and to field challengers to Republicans who voted for his impeachment in the House.[19][20]

Some commentators have called the phrase itself a racist dog whistle that implies a turn back to conditions before the overthrow of the Jim Crow system.[21][22][23][24] Since 2016, the phrase "Make America White Again" was used by hate groups and politicians who align themselves with Trump.[25] A 2018 study that used text mining and semantic network analytics of Twitter text and hashtags networks found that the "#MakeAmericaGreatAgain" and "#MAGA" hashtags were commonly used by white supremacist and white nationalist users, and had been used as "an organizing discursive space" for far-right extremists globally.[26] The slogan has been imitated by far-right parties worldwide, including the Spanish Vox Party with "Make Spain Great Again",[27][28] the United Australia Party with "Make Australia Great Again",[29][30] and in Israel, "Make Israel Great Again" along with the acronym MIGA.[31]

On June 3, 2023, Trump called his supporters Magadonians.[32][33]

Ideology

The MAGA movement, as an anti-intellectual movement, deliberately avoids clear definition. Some core elements of MAGA rhetoric and policy proposals include the following:

  • Nativism and xenophobia:
  • Distrust of liberal institutions:
  • Complete distrust of almost all mainstream media[a]
  • Deep suspicion of the electoral process and accusations of electoral fraud insofar as it is not immediately permissible to total domination by the Republican party
  • Accusations of hidden corruption and a pro-Democratic "deep state"
  • Denial and opposition to COVID-19 vaccination mandates or shutdowns
  • Distrust of scientific and academic institutions on the basis of their supposed part in a conspiracy by the "deep state" to promote "critical race theory" and "cultural Marxism."[35]
  • Close association with QAnon and other conspiracy theories and anti-Semitic narratives
  • Authoritarianism/reactionism:
  • Corporatism and opposition to democracy[36]
  • Dehumanization and delegitimation of political opponents[36]
  • Theocratic and fundamentalist tendencies[37]

The actual practice of the MAGA movement, however, could be called incoherent and is continuously changing. In office, Trump himself behaved in many ways like an ordinary Republican – cutting taxes, terrorizing immigrants, undermining social services,[38][39] rolling back environmental regulations and climate change agreements, putting garden-variety establishment reactionaries in the Supreme Court, and supporting aggression and escalation against China. His anti-China tariff policies were only an escalation of Obama-era policies[40][41] and as of 2024 have not been repealed by the Biden administration.[42] His actual deviations from bipartisan orthodoxy include his absurd Mexico "border wall" proposal, which failed due to lack of support in Congress, and the 2017 Muslim ban, which Republicans harshly condemned when Trump initially proposed it during the race, falling in line only when he was in office.[43][44][45] This influence on Republican politicians due to his singular popularity with the party's supporters is notable.

Analysis

Fascism

Adolph Reed, Jr.

As I’ve done in the past, I want to make clear that I do not argue that we must always vote for the Democrat on principle, no matter what. Indeed, Michelle Goldberg accused me a decade ago in these pages of “electoral nihilism” for having had the temerity to argue that the boundaries of a thinkable left cannot be limited by what’s acceptable within a neoliberal Democratic Party—and, God forbid, having voted for Ralph Nader in 2000.

I won’t rehearse my entire voting history in presidential elections here, but I do want to argue the following points as strongly as possible. First, that it’s necessary to approach the electoral domain instrumentally, not as a moment for moral declaration. Second, that despite Biden’s great limitations (and there’s no question they are great), this is truly an instance in which the pathetic mantra that the Democrats have offered us for three decades—“the other guys are worse”—is true. And they are nightmarishly worse. We could be facing the destruction of whatever democratic institutions exist in American society, along with labor rights, civil rights, environmental protections, popularly accountable government, social wage policies, and public goods and services across the board, not to mention the imposition of a brutishly draconian and punitive regime.[4]

The noted Marxist scholar and activist Adolph Reed, Jr. considers the MAGA movement to be a fascistic entity and a real threat to liberal democracy and workers' rights.[3] He did not endorse Biden in 2020[citation needed] but has endorsed him in 2024.[4] Reed has maintained, however, that a left working-class movement, the likes of which does not exist in the United States, must be built in order to defeat the right.[3]

Base of support

Republican Party

Since his election in 2017 and even after leaving office, Trump has endorsed hundreds of Republican politicians who he considers to be aligned with his agenda. In addition, the House "Freedom Caucus" is considered to be aligned with Trump.[46] By January of 2024, over 100 Republican Congress members had endorsed Trump's campaign.[47]

Trump's supporters typically call their opponents within the Republican party "RINOs" ("Republicans In Name Only"), indicating that these opponents do not embody the true values of US reactionism and conservatism the party represents.

Opposition

Communist organizations

Labelling a group or movement "fascist" or "fascistic" has a specific meaning in Marxist and Leninist theory;[48] use of the term implies that a host of strategies, tactics, and theories must be considered which differ significantly from communist strategy in a liberal-democratic context. These include the United Front, in which communists cooperate with anarchists, socialists, and social democrats to defeat the threat of fascism, and a class analysis which clarifies the role of the lumpenproletariat, petty bourgeoisie, landowners, finance capital, and the haute bourgeoisie. Indeed, an analysis centered on the United States must take into account the key differences from the political situation in 20th-century Western Europe.

While the vast majority of communist organizations recognize Trump and his movement as reactionary and far-right in nature, number of major communist organizations in the United States go further and explicitly declare the movement to be a variety of fascism; these include the Communist Party USA,[49][50][51][52] American Party of Labor,[53] the Party for Socialism and Liberation,[54] Workers World Party,[55] and the Socialist Equality Party.[56][57] Other organizations do not consider the label of fascism to be applicable, or argue that it is too soon to make a judgement as the situation unfolds.[58]

CPUSA

The CPUSA connects Trump and the January 6 riot with anti-democratic policies typical of Republicans and explicitly considers the two to constitute a rising fascist movement.[50][51][49] In consequence of this analysis, the CPUSA effectively endorses Biden and the Democratic Party over Trump,[51] emphasizing an entryist strategy:

In order for the progressive movement to subvert fascism, it is necessary to break the stranglehold of moderates on the other major political party. This must take place at ALL levels of government. This necessitates that we develop the nascent progressive political forces. Those forces being a way to find suitable progressive candidates for office, methods of fundraising for their campaigns, experts in political organizing such as canvassing and outreach, and the political savvy to outmaneuver their competition and do for elections what John Brown did to Kansas slavers. This requires that communists everywhere not only vote, but volunteer on campaigns and take a leadership role in order to learn the process and its contradictions inside and out so that we can test our strength and ultimately replicate those successes with OUR comrades on the ballot.

[50]

FRSO

In a 2022 statement, Freedom Road Socialist Organization analyzed Trumpism as "a particular, populist brand of politics that is extraordinarily reactionary, characterized by jingoism, national chauvinism, opposition to civil and democratic rights, and a loyalty to the primacy of capital over all things." FRSO highlights the movement's alliance and alignment with the Federalist Society, a decades-old group aligned with the Republican establishment and dedicated to enforcing a reactionary interpretation of the US Constitution. FRSO locates the Federalist Society's "core" group of funders in the "banking and capital-intensive extractive industries".[58]

This unified group of Trumpists and Federalists have developed a legal and ideological justification for a theory of minority rule called a “constitutional majority.” This theory adds up to controlling the Federal government by leveraging the Electoral College combined with the courts to prevent majority voting and overturning the laws and policies of reactionary capital. Thanks to Trump, the Supreme Court has a majority of justices with Federalist Society ties – as does around 25 percent of the Federal judiciary at the Appellate and District Court level. These forces also have significant control of some state legislatures, with Texas being a prime example.[58]

However, the FRSO concludes:

Not everything that is extremely reactionary is fascism, although there always exists within the capitalist system the seeds of fascism in an undeveloped form. We would be wise to keep an eye on how this political movement develops in the future.[58]

Democratic Party

Biden's campaign speech on Sep 1, 2022, now well-known for its elaboration of Biden's analysis of the MAGA movement as "dedicated to destroying American democracy".

Since 2016, the Democratic Party has officially held that Trump and his supporters constitute an existential threat to liberal democracy and liberal institutions. Joe Biden was critical of Trump and his base during the 2020 election but has sharpened his critique since taking office in 2021, referring to them as "the most extreme political organization that's existed in recent American history."[59] On Sep 1, 2022, Biden delivered a highly publicized speech in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a city considered to be the birthplace of American liberal republican ideas and which served as the first capital of the United States, in which he formally used the term "MAGA Republicans" to refer to the group as a coherent entity and made explicit his view that Donald Trump and his supporters were a threat to democracy itself and "the very foundations of our republic".[2][60]

In practice, however, the Democrats and supporting elements continue to do little to effectively curtail the rise of American fascism. In 2021, Biden stated that the American political establishment "needs" a strong Republican Party even after its radicalization and the January 6 insurrection. Biden has continued many of Trump's oppressive policies and represses anti-fascist elements by means of increasing police militarization in the same way Trump did.[61] In early 2024, on the eve of the 2024 Presidential election, the Supreme Court, largely dominated by extreme-right figures, deliberately rejected attempts by individual states to exclude Trump from the ballot due to his promotion and leading of political violence, particularly on January 6. This was met with little resistance by the Democratic party, even after openly anti-democratic statements by Trump and supporting politicians.[62]

Notes

  1. ↑ The most notable exception is Fox News, which is funded by huge corporate interests but panders to Trump and his base, achieving huge ratings.[34]

References

  1. ↑ Russell, Andrew (20 Jan 2017). "Donald Trump's full inauguration speech and transcript". Global News. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Read the Full Transcript of Biden's Speech in Philadelphia". The New York Times. 2 Sep 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "The Whole Country is the Reichstag". Nonsite.org. 23 Aug 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Why I'm Voting for the Enemy". The Nation. 19 Mar 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  5. ↑ "DC CPUSA demands home rule, democracy, and people before profits". Communist Party USA. 5 Apr 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  6. ↑ Kaczynski, Andrew (January 18, 2017). "Trump was saying 'Make America Great Again' long before he claims he thought it up". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  7. ↑ Lozada, Carlos (August 31, 2015). "Book Party: Donald Trump's 'Time to Get Tough' is out in paperback. You'll never guess the new subtitle". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  8. ↑ Batheja, Aman (February 3, 2016). "Report: Activists have filed paperwork in Texas for a Donald Trump third-party run for president – PoliTex". blogs.star-telegram.com. Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tumulty, Karen (January 18, 2017). "How Donald Trump came up with 'Make America Great Again'". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  10. ↑ "USPTO TSDR Case Viewer". tsdr.uspto.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  11. ↑ Lukas, Paul (20 Jul 2019). "Does This Red Cap Make Me Look MAGA?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  12. ↑ Dietz, Adam (23 Nov 2020). "So… Can I Wear My Red Hat Now?. Of the many scandals and abuses to come…". Medium. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  13. ↑ "Two hats I've had for years that I can't wear anymore because they look politically charged now". Reddit. 15 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  14. ↑ "Red hats have been ruined and I'm upset". Reddit. 5 Nov 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  15. ↑ "Apparently wearing a red hat is not allowed anymore". Reddit. 9 Sep 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  16. ↑ "Is it now safe to wear my red USPS hat which kinda sorta resembles a MAGA hat? I miss it so much." Reddit. 20 Jul 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  17. ↑ Alex Seitz-Wald (March 11, 2018). "'Keep America Great': After year in office, Trump unveils 2020 campaign slogan". NBC News.
  18. ↑ Kumar, Anita (May 20, 2020). "Trump tries on MAGA 2.0 for a pandemic era". Politico. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  19. ↑ Dawsey, Josh; Scherer, Michael (January 23, 2021). "Trump jumps into a divisive battle over the Republican Party – with a threat to start a 'MAGA Party'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  20. ↑ Buncombe, Andrew (January 24, 2021). "Trump wants to set up 'MAGA party' to challenge Republicans who voted to impeach him, says report". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  21. ↑ Melton, Marissa (August 31, 2017). "Is 'Make America Great Again' Racist?". Voice of America. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  22. ↑ Shamus, Kristen Jordan (January 24, 2019). "MAGA hats: Trump campaign swag or symbols of hate?". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  23. ↑ Abcarian, Robin (February 5, 2019). "MAGA hats and blackface are different forms of expression, but they share a certain unfortunate DNA". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  24. ↑ Rebecca Solnit (2018). Call Them by Their True Names: American Crises (and Essays). Haymarket Books. Trump's slogan, 'Make America great again', seemed to invoke a return to a Never Never Land of white male supremacy, where coal was an awesome fuel, blue-collar manufacturing jobs were what they had been in 1956, women belong in the home, and the needs of white men were paramount.
  25. ↑ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/outrage-trump-inspired-congressional-candidate-wants-make-america-white-again-n597916 Outrage as Trump Inspired Candidate Wants to 'Make America White Again'], by NBC News, June 23, 2016.
  26. ↑ Eddington, Sean M. (July 2018). "The Communicative Constitution of Hate Organizations Online: A Semantic Network Analysis of 'Make America Great Again'". Social Media + Society. 4 (3): 205630511879076. doi:10.1177/2056305118790763. ISSN 2056-3051.
  27. ↑ Applebaum, Anne (2019-05-04). "¿Qué hay detrás del auge de Vox? Polarización, tecnología y una red global". Revista de Prensa (in español). Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  28. ↑ Casals i Meseguer, Xavier (15 June 2020). "De Fuerza Nueva a Vox: de la vieja a la nueva ultraderecha española (1975-2019)". Ayer. 118 (2): 365–380. doi:10.55509/ayer/118-2020-14. ISSN 1134-2277. S2CID 250156987.
  29. ↑ Wanna, John (2019-05-02). "Now for the $55 million question: what does Clive Palmer actually want?". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  30. ↑ Bryant, Nick (2022-05-16). "The American Variant of Democracy Is Contaminating My Home". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  31. ↑ Neustein, Amy (February 6, 2024). "The 'Make Israel Great Again' movement will likely do the opposite".
  32. ↑ TRUMP MOCKED FOR TELLING FOLLOWERS, ‘WE ARE MAGADONIANS, WE ARE VERY SMART’, IVY GRIFFITH Celeb, JUN 5, 2023,[1]
  33. ↑ Trump Coins His Followers ‘Magadonians’ and Twitter Users Have a Field Day: ‘Land of the F-king Morons’, Mason Bissada, June 3, 2023, [2]
  34. ↑ Flood, Brian (1 Jan 2023). "Fox News Channel had largest cable TV audience for 7th-straight year in 2022". Fox News. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  35. ↑ David Smith (November 3, 2021). "How did Republicans turn critical race theory into a winning electoral issue?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Kurtzleben, Danielle (17 Nov 2023). "Why Trump's authoritarian language about 'vermin' matters". NPR. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  37. ↑ "Hit Trump on Theocracy, Not Hypocrisy". The Nation. 23 Feb 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  38. ↑ Simmons-Duffin, Selena (14 Oct 2019). "Trump Is Trying Hard To Thwart Obamacare. How's That Going?". NPR. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  39. ↑ "Six ways Trump has sabotaged the Affordable Care Act". Brookings. 9 Mar 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  40. ↑ Gillespie, Patrick (3 Jan 2017). "Obama got tough on China. It cost U.S. jobs and raised prices". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  41. ↑ "FACT SHEET: The Obama Administration's Record on the Trade Enforcement". whitehouse.gov. 12 Jan 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  42. ↑ Wang, Orange (21 Jun 2022). "'Start small' China, US urged as Biden ponders Trump-era tariff rollback". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  43. ↑ "Widespread Backlash to Donald Trump's Proposed Muslim Ban". Washington Week. 11 Dec 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  44. ↑ Miller, Zeke J; Berenson, Tessa (7 Dec 2015). "Republican Rivals Condemn Donald Trump's Proposed Muslim Entry Ban". TIME. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  45. ↑ Stein, Jeff (28 Jan 2017). "Top Republicans denounced Trump's Muslim ban on the trail. Now they support his executive order". Vox. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  46. ↑ Beavers, Olivia (29 Apr 2022). "Inside the House Freedom Caucus' identity crisis". POLITICO. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  47. ↑ Metzger, Bryan; Seddiq, Oma (2 Jan 2024). "Here are all of the Republican elected officials backing Trump's 2024 campaign". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  48. ↑ Prashad, Vijay (6 Jan 2020). "On Togliatti's "Lectures on Fascism"". Communist Party USA. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Parra, Ismael (20 Mar 2024). "Fascism's capitalist roots and the fight for democracy". Communist Party USA. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Coordinated, fascist right-wing initiatives can be seen at the federal level. The Jan. 6 attempted coup by Trump and various Republican Congresspersons and state officials was one example. Another is the passing of voter suppression laws in various states. In Florida, for example, laws have been passed that permanently take away the right to vote from formerly incarcerated citizens.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Sherbourne, Jesse (7 May 2024). "CPUSA and electoralism". Communist Party USA. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Committee, CPUSA National (29 Jan 2024). "Forward together: For pre-convention discussion". Communist Party USA. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  52. ↑ "Donald Trump: White-supremacist-in-chief" (January 18, 2018). Communist Party USA. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  53. ↑ June Vass (October 1, 2020). "Elections Won’t Defeat Fascism, Only We Can". The Red Phoenix. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  54. ↑ "A year later, what are the lessons from the Trump-backed insurrection of January 6?" (January 7, 2022). Liberation News.
  55. ↑ Otis Grotewohl (April 3, 2023). "Trump’s indictment: only a beginning". Workers World.
  56. ↑ "In TIME interview: Trump threatens military repression and post-election violence". World Socialist Web Site. 2 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  57. ↑ "The indictment of Trump and the threat of fascism in America". World Socialist Web Site. 5 Aug 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 "Freedom Road Socialist Organization". Freedom Road Socialist Organization. 18 Jul 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  59. ↑ Forgey, Quint (2022-05-04). "Biden: MAGA is the 'most extreme political organization' in recent U.S. history". Politico. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  60. ↑ Mordoch, Jeff; Clark, Joseph (2022-09-01), "Biden ramps up attacks on 'MAGA Republicans' in fiery campaign speech", The Washington Times
  61. ↑ Ronald Brownstein (August 6, 2021). "Does Biden Understand Contemporary Politics?". The Atlantic.
  62. ↑ Zach Montellaro, Josh Gerstein and Kyle Cheney (March 4, 2024). "States can’t kick Trump off ballot, Supreme Court says". Politico.
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