Plurinational State of Bolivia

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Plurinational State of Bolivia
Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
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Map of Plurinational State of Bolivia
Flag of Bolivia (state).svg.png Wiphala.svg.png
Flag State Emblem

The Plurinational State of Bolivia (occasionally abbreviated as PSB and unofficially known as Bolivia) is a country in South America. Its policies slashed poverty and deprivation; combating various social ills common in the Republic of Bolivia, and focused strongly on anti-imperialism and international solidarity.

For many — perhaps most — Bolivians, this was a period when ordinary people felt the benefits of policy in ways that had not been the case for decades, if ever.

— Ann Chaplin & John Crabtree, [1]

Politics

The Plurinational State of Bolivia had consistently stood in solidarity with the Cuban and Venezuelan governments, the Nicaraguan revolution of 1979,[2] and in opposition to neoliberalism and neoimperialism.[3] For example, in 2005 Morales visited the Republic of Cuba, receiving full honors from Fidel Castro. While there, he signed an agreement in which the Republic of Cuba promised the Bolivians aid in health and education, and Morales referred to Castro and Hugo Chávez as ‘the commanders of the forces for the liberation of the Americas and the world.’ Morales returned there in 2017 to receive throat surgey.[4] In 2006 the Bolivian and Venezuelan Presidents met each other and affirmed their solidarity, as well as securing a trade deal.[5] In early 2019 the President attended the swearing-in of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro.[6] The Plurinational State had sought to promote anti-imperialism, even opening an explicitly ‘anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist’ military school for their officers:

“If the empire teaches domination of the world from its military schools, we will learn from this school to free ourselves from imperial oppression,” the country’s first indigenous president said at an inauguration ceremony on Wednesday. “We want to build anti-colonial and anti-capitalist thinking with this school that binds the armed forces to social movements and counteracts the influence of the School of the Americas that always saw the indigenous as internal enemies,” he told a crowd that included the defense ministers of Venezuela and Nicaragua.

— Guardian, [7]

Opposition

In 2008, antisocialists threatened to oust President Morales, and the American ruling class established an ‘Emergency Action Committee’ to manage either a coup attempt or a homicide against President Morales.[8]

Since 2017, entities such as the Organization of American States have repeatedly accused the Morales administration of being illegitimate, illegally rerunning for presidency after losing one referendum. The Plurinational Constitutional Court, whose members are independently elected, overturned this referendum and concluded that the rerun was not illegal.[9] Vote tallies were consistent and the Organization of American States failed to present evidence of fraud.[10][11] President Morales won in the first round: 47.08% to 36.51%; a landslide victory of over ten percent above the next runner.[12] Five out of six polls predicted the same result before the election.[13][14]

In June 2019 the Plurnational State of Bolivia announced plans to further nationalize the Bolivian economy and develop a battery industry to end the state's dependency on vending cheap lithium to American corporations.[15] The Bolivian Argentinian embassy told the Argentinian government about events previous to a coup. A few months later, on November 10, 2019, antisocialists such as Williams Kaliman[16] successfully intimidated the President and vice-president into resigning,[17] and have continued their aggression by ransacking the Morales residence,[18] ransacking the president of the Chamber of Deputies's residence and kidnapping his sibling,[19] burning indigenous symbols,[20][21] establishing show trials,[22] shutting down Bolivian outlets critical of the coup,[23] detaining Cuban doctors,[24] hurling firebombs at police stations,[25] burning down other public buildings,[26] and issuing an arrest warrant for Morales.[27] The Attorney General's office issued arrest warrants for all leaders of the electoral tribunal and members of the body.[28] Many world leaders and organizations have condemned the coup,[29] and social movements quickly mobilized with the intent of soon reclaiming La Paz and the seat of government, to defend it from the attempted coup of the antisocialists.[30] Antisocialists have been massacring people in El Alto,[31] Sacaba,[32] Senkata,[33] and elsewhere. Over twenty people have died as consequence of the antisocialist coup, and hundreds of others suffered injuries or detainments.[34]

Antisocialist violence[35] in the wake of the re-election also included the kidnapping of Evo Morales's sister and brother,[36] cutting the hair of a leftist mayor, painting her red and parading her down the street, forcing her resignation, burning the town hall,[36][37] firebombing several leftist government members’ houses, and street clashes in Cochabamba,[38][39] Potosi, and La Paz resulting in deaths and injuries. The Radio Education Network of Bolivia (Erbol) released sixteen recordings[40][41] which uncover talks between U.S. officials, Bolivian antisocialists, and former military, outlining the coup strategy.[42] In a three-part plan outlined by U.S. officials, former President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada (2002–2003) is mentioned. Lozada had Carlos Mesa (the principal opponent of Morales in the last election) as his vice-president and currently lives in Imperial America. U.S. senators Bob Menendez, Ted Cruz, and Marco Rubio are some of the American officials mentioned in the audios, linked to the Bolivian opposition planning a coup against the Morales administration. A secret cable confirmed that the American ruling class was using Mesa to undermine Evo Morales for years.[43] As usual, the capitalist media omitted all of these details.[44]

For most of 2020, the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie delayed elections three times until an unprecedented general strike forced it to agree to an election. In October 2020, Bolivia's Movement Towards Socialism party won a decisive victory in Bolivian presidential elections, with its candidate Luis Arce winning by a large enough margin to avoid a runoff, likely achieving an absolute majority.[45]

Economy

While the economy had never been taken under complete public ownership, the Plurinational State committed nationalizations, expansions of the social welfare systems, and anti-imperialist policies such as supporting the Republic of Cuba. The economic policies of Plurinational State focused on nationalization of various major companies, increases in labor rights and the social welfare system, and strong opposition to the IMF and World Bank.[46]

Mr. Morales’s nationalization of oil and natural gas in 2006, together with higher prices for gas exports to Brazil, left his government awash with cash. He used this to expand welfare provision, including a non-contributory old-age pension and payments to mothers provided their children are at school and their babies are taken for health checks. The president has also handed out hundreds of free tractors. […] In his first term Mr. Morales imposed many controls on private business. Telecommunications and mines, as well as gas, were nationalized. Prices of gas and many foodstuffs were controlled, and food producers forced to sell in the local market rather than export. A new state-owned body distributes food at subsidized prices.

— The Economist, [47]

These policies have led to the highest Bolivian economic growth in decades, and it was the fastest growing economy in Latin America.[48] Growth had been higher than at any time in the last three decades, averaging 4.9% annually since the current administration took office in 2006.[48] The currency would not fluctuate in value for eight years.[49] The redistributive policies have also benefited the lower classes:

[T]he government has begun several programs targeted at the poorest Bolivians. These include payments to poor families to increase school enrollment; an expansion of public pensions to relive extreme poverty among the elderly; and most recently, payments for uninsured mothers to expand prenatal and post-natal care, to reduce infant and child mortality.

— CEPR, [50]

An article from the Guardian, published after the 2014 Bolivian election, analyzes the significance of the Plurinational State's economic growth, and its effect on quality of life:

The benefits of such growth have been felt by the Bolivian people: under Morales, poverty has declined by 25% and extreme poverty has declined by 43%; social spending has increased by more than 45%; the real minimum wage has increased by 87.7%; and, perhaps unsurprisingly, the Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean has praised Bolivia for being “one of the few countries that has reduced inequality”. […] He has defied the conventional wisdom that says left-wing policies damage economic growth, that working-class people can’t run successful economies, and that politics can’t be transformative – and he’s done all of this in the face of enormous political pressure from the IMF, the international business community and the US government. In the success of Morales, important political lessons can be found – and perhaps we could all do with learning them.

— Guardian, [51]

The Plurinational State, with approximately 40% of the economy under some kind of state-ownership, closed 2018 with one of the highest growth rates in the world:

The economic model followed by Bolivia is based on the Social Community Production, supported by a strong participation of the State in strategic sectors, which goes against the recommendations made by the IMF, which looks for the suppression of subsidies and the reduction of public investments. The Bolivian economy registered on average a growth of 4.9 percent in the period 2006-2017, where more than three million people left poverty. The GDP registered a growth of 4.2 percent last year, according to the 2017 Bolivian Economy Report.

— teleSUR, [52]

Economic inequality, as measured by the GINI Index, had also drastically reduced under since the presidency elected in 2006.[53]

The PSB hosts possibly over half of worldwide reserves of the lithium, and in June 2019 they announced a plan to utilize their large lithium reserves for establishing an industrial ecosystem based in batteries and other storage technologies.[54]

As a result of the antisocialist coup of November 2019, the PSB had been suffering significant rates of inflation not experienced in many years. La Paz's mayor made an appearance on television to ease worries about the deficiencies in food and gasoline.[55] Anti-coup protests have obstructed supply routes, and consequently queues have grown in length.[56][57] Meat, eggs, and vegetables in particular have been especially scarce in La Paz.[58] Lower-class Bolivians have organized barricades around the YPFB gas plant in El Alto in protest of the coup[59] and have prevented fuel from leaving the facility.[60] Nevertheless, antisocialists massacred possibly eight[61] people near the blockades.[62][63]

Since then, the prices have stabilised, gas out is pumping out from Senkata again, and the proletariat has returned to a state of passivity.[64] An exception to this is the free territory of Chapare, which is free of coup officials.[65]

Infrastructure

Education

The PSB succeeded in becoming only the third nation in Latin America (after the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Cuba) to be declared free of illiteracy, which they accomplish by means of programs inspired by the Cuban model.[66]

Demographics

The PSB made great strides in fighting discrimination against the indigenous population (Morales himself is the first Bolivian president from the indigenous population):

The government of Bolivia has made "great progress" in the last ten years in its fight against institutional and structural racism and discrimination, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, announced Tuesday in an official statement.

— teleSUR, [67]

Culture

Gender relations

Violence against women had decreased.[68]

References

  1. ↑ Crabtree, John; Chaplin, Ann (2013). Bolivia: Processes of Change. Zed Books Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 978 1 78032 379 4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |pageurl= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Antonopoulos, Paul (2018-11-11). "Evo Morales Supports Nicaragua in the Fight Against Imperialism". Archived from the original on 2018-11-11.
  3. ↑ Solá-Santiago, Frances (2018-09-27). "At United Nations, Bolivian President Evo Morales Says US "Does Not Care for Human Rights"". Archived from the original on 2018-09-28.
  4. ↑ Cone, Allen (2017-03-31). "Bolivia's president Evo Morales to undergo throat surgery in Cuba". Archived from the original on 2017-03-31.
  5. ↑ "Morales recibió el apoyo de Chávez" (in Spanish). 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2020-03-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ↑ "Venezuelan President Maduro sworn in for second term amid international boycott". 2019-01-10. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10.
  7. ↑ "Bolivia opens 'anti-imperialist' military school to counter US foreign policies". 2016-08-17. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18.
  8. ↑ "EMERGENCY ACTION COMMITTEE MEETING-LA PAZ 9/23 1600". 2008-09-24. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27.
  9. ↑ "Bolivian court clears way for Morales to run for fourth term". 2017-11-28. Archived from the original on 2017-11-29.
  10. ↑ "No Evidence That Bolivian Election Results Were Affected by Irregularities or Fraud, Statistical Analysis Shows". 2019-11-08.
  11. ↑ Curiel, John; Williams, Jack (2020-02-27). "Bolivia dismissed its October elections as fraudulent. Our research found no reason to suspect fraud". Archived from the original on 2020-02-27.
  12. ↑ "Evo Morales: Fraud Allegations Are Pretext for Coup". 2019-11-05. Archived from the original on 2019-11-07.
  13. ↑ Sonneland, Holly (2019-10-18). "Poll Tracker: Bolivia's 2019 Presidential Race". Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  14. ↑ "No Evidence That Bolivian Election Results Were Affected by Irregularities or Fraud, Statistical Analysis Shows". 2019-11-08.
  15. ↑ "Bolivia: Morales to Industrialize Lithium for Battery Exports". 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on 2019-11-11.
  16. ↑ Camila (2019-11-10). "Breaking: Commander of Bolivia's Armed Forces Williams Kaliman has asked that President Evo Morales resign" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  17. ↑ "Bolivia: President Evo Morales Resigns Amid Right-Wing Coup". 2019-11-10. Archived from the original on 2019-11-11.
  18. ↑ Blumenthal, Max (2019-11-10). "The squalid US-backed fanatics of the Bolivian right ransack the house of the country's elected president, Evo Morales. And the havoc is just beginning. Let no one call them "pro-democracy."" (Tweet). @MaxBlumenthal. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  19. ↑ Norton, Benjamin (2019-11-10). "The president of Bolivia's Chamber of Deputies, leftist Víctor Borda, was just forced to resign after opposition fascists attacked his house and took his brother hostage" (Tweet). @BenjaminNorton. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  20. ↑ Blumenthal, Max (2019-11-10). "Right wing Bolivian opposition fanatics burning a symbol of the country's indigenous people. Let the world see the racism that Evo faced down for so long" (Tweet). @MaxBlumenthal. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  21. ↑ "Bolivia coup backers are burning the Wiphala flag, an symbol of Indigenous resistance. This is more than symbolic. These violent, racist groups want to rollback the historic gains made by Indigenous people. #thisisacoup" (Tweet). @The_Red_Nation. 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  22. ↑ Reed, Wyatt (2019-11-10). "Here come the kangaroo courts. This disgusting display marks the next phase of today's successful coup in Bolivia, whose ringleaders seem poised to consolidate power by jailing as many indigenous/socialist leaders as they can via military tribunal style show trials" (Tweet). @wyattreed13. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  23. ↑ Vargas, Ollie (2019-11-14). "Right wing coup supporters tried to stop @RT_com correspondent from reporting simple facts about the situation on the ground. They've already shut down critical Bolivian outlets. RT and @teleSURtv are some of the only major outlets left" (Tweet). @OVargas52. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  24. ↑ Camila (2019-11-17). "Incase it was missed: U.S. embassy vehicle licence plate 28-CD-17 participated in the police operation in which Cuban doctors in were unjustly detained in La Paz, Bolivia" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  25. ↑ Lopes, Diego (2019-11-10). "A poucos instantes um grupo de apoiadores de Evo Morales atacou uma unidade da polícia na Bolívia com bombas molotov. O povo permanece nas ruas lutando contra o Golpe de Estado" (Tweet). @DGSocialismo. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  26. ↑ "Bolivian right-wing activates 'electoral fraud' contingency plan against Morales". 2019-11-02. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02.
  27. ↑ Sputnik (2019-11-10). "MORE: Video: Unrest continues despite Morales resignation, protesters burn vehicles, property" (Tweet). @SputnikInt. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  28. ↑ "Live Updates: Opposition Lawmaker Jeanine Añez to Become Bolivia's Interim President". 2019-11-10. Archived from the original on 2020-01-13.
  29. ↑ "World Leaders, Organizations Condemn Coup Against Evo Morales in Bolivia". 2019-11-10. Archived from the original on 2020-01-13.
  30. ↑ Arkonada, Katu (2019-11-09). "El golpe en Bolivia no pasará. Los movimientos sociales ya están movilizaciones y el lunes tomarán La Paz, sede de gobierno, para defenderla del intento de golpe de la oposición, política y mediática. #ElMundoConEvo 🇧🇴" (Tweet). @KatuArkonada. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  31. ↑ Camila (2019-11-12). "El Alto, Bolivia: Funeral held for those killed in yesterday's confrontations between residents and pro-coup police. The man who filmed says there's no press coverage" (Tweet). @camilapress. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  32. ↑ Vargas, Ollie (2019-11-15). "*Graphic*: A family member sent me this devastating photo. At least 4 confirmed murdered today by the police in the town of Sacaba near Cochabamba. They were Cocalero union members protesting against the coup. There is almost no media outlet on the ground covering this" (Tweet). @OVargas52. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  33. ↑ Camila (2019-11-21). "Bolivia: A procession will soon set out from Senkata, El Alto in honour of community members who were massacred in Tuesday's military operation outside of the Senkata gas plant which continues to be an area of conflict. I'll be streaming on @MintPressNews later on" (Tweet). @camilapress. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  34. ↑ Fuentes, Federico (2019-11-16). "5 days into Bolivia's "interim government": * Over 20 dead, 100s injured & detained as result of repression * Talk of banning MAS candidates/party, not allowing Evo to return * Threats to round up journalist * 180% in foreign policy: leave ALBA, expel Cuban doctors This is a coup" (Tweet). @FredFuentesGLW. Retrieved 2019-11-21. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 44 (help)
  35. ↑ Montesanti, Edu (2019-11-07). ""It's Now or Never": Bolivian Elite Destroying the Country". Archived from the original on 2020-01-13.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Tidman, Zoe (2019-11-07). "Bolivia: Protesters cut off mayor's hair, cover her in red paint and drag her through the streets". Archived from the original on 2019-11-07.
  37. ↑ Wadhwa, Tanya (2019-11-07). "Bolivian opposition carries out racist, misogynist attacks against government supporters". Archived from the original on 2020-03-02.
  38. ↑ Higgins, Eoin (2019-11-15). "'This is What a Dictatorship Looks Like': Bolivian Security Forces Open Fire on Indigenous Protesters in City of Cochabamba".
  39. ↑ Fahey, Ryan (2019-11-16). "Bolivian security forces kill five and injure dozens when they open fire in 'massacre' of supporters of ousted president Evo Morales". Archived from the original on 2020-03-08.
  40. ↑ "Bolivia: audios leaked from opposition leaders calling for a coup against Evo Morales". 2019-11-10. Archived from the original on 2019-11-11.
  41. ↑ "Surgen 16 audios que vinculan presuntamente a cívicos, exmilitares y EEUU en planes de agitación" (in Spanish). 2019-11-03. Archived from the original on 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2020-03-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  42. ↑ roghk (2019-10-08). "US HANDS AGAINST BOLIVIA. PART I". Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  43. ↑ "BOLIVIA: DECEMBER 09 ELECTIONS: OFF TO THE RACES". 2008-10-28. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10.
  44. ↑ MacLeod, Alan (2019-11-11). "The Bolivian Coup Is Not a Coup—Because US Wanted It to Happen". Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  45. ↑ Greene, Bryce (2020-10-23). "After Socialist Victory in Bolivia, Media Still Whitewash Coup".
  46. ↑ "Bolivia Declares "Total Independence" From World Bank And IMF". 2017-07-24.
  47. ↑ "Bolivia's presidential election: The explosive apex of Evo's power". 2015-04-06. Archived from the original on 2015-04-06.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "New Report Reviews Changes in Bolivia's Economy under Evo Morales's Presidency". 2019-10-18.
  49. ↑ "Bolivia cumple ocho años con el dólar fijo en Bs 6,96" (in Spanish). 2019-11-01. Archived from the original on 2019-11-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  50. ↑ Weisbrot, Mark; Ray, Rebecca; Johnston, Jake (2009-12-03). "Bolivia: The Economy During the Morales Administration".
  51. ↑ O’Hagan, Ellie (2014-10-14). "Evo Morales has proved that socialism doesn't damage economies". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13.
  52. ↑ "Bolivia Closes 2018 Among The Highest Economic Growth Rates". 2018-12-08. Archived from the original on 2018-12-12.
  53. ↑ https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BO
  54. ↑ Martin, José (2019-09-24). "Bolivia in push to become global battery industrial hotspot". Archived from the original on 2019-09-26.
  55. ↑ Vargas, Ollie (2019-11-17). "Sudden inflation is beginning to bite in La Paz for the first time in many years. The mayor had to appear on TV to tame panic about food and gas shortages. Whenever the coup thinks it has advanced, they're struck with a new obstacle impeding their ability to govern" (Tweet). @OVargas52. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  56. ↑ Vargas, Ollie (2019-11-18). "Long queues as supplies of chicken have now run out in markets around the centre (source: https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=582492135829625&id=227999611278881) This is due to anti-coup protests blocking supply routes. The cities thought they could exclude rural indigenous communities from power. This is where it's got them" (Tweet). @OVargas52. Retrieved 2019-11-19. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  57. ↑ Camila (2019-11-19). "Long lines around La Paz as residents attempt to buy chicken amid shortages. Chicken from this vendor costs 35 Bs, regulated by city officials, but people report price gauging of 95 Bs elsewhere. (📹 Alejandro Kirk, @teleSURtv)" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  58. ↑ Arigho-Stiles, Olivia (2019-11-20). "Empty shelves in a supermarket here in La Paz. Meat, eggs and veg especially scarce. 🥚🥦Escasez de alimentos en #LaPaz" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  59. ↑ Camila (2019-11-18). "Supply cut: Kilometres of organized barricades surround the YPFB Planta Senkata gas plant in El Alto. The strategic roadblocks are upheld 24 hours a day, around the plant which the provides gas for all of La Paz + El Alto. All in protest of the coup regime" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  60. ↑ Camila (2019-11-18). "The blocked highway is a crucial link to other departments; protesters are preventing fuel from leaving the premises of the YPFB plant. There are reportedly military inside the facility but they're completely surrounded & outnumbered by residents" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  61. ↑ Camila (2019-11-20). "Bolivia: Military is still positioned out front of the gas plant in Senkata, with residents paying them a visit, calling them murderers for the operation which left reportedly 8 dead here outside the premises" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  62. ↑ Camila (2019-11-20). "Bolivia: Quechua communities from North Potosi have arrived in Senkata to reinforce the mostly Aymara-led protests in El Alto. Bolivia's two largest Indigenous nations will both be protesting in La Paz. (1/2)" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  63. ↑ Camila (2019-11-20). "A peaceful march departs this afternoon from Senkata, the site of yesterday's massacre, towards the center of the city of El Alto with the bodies of those killed in the military-police operation unleashed on the YPFB gas plant blockades. (2/2)" (Tweet). @camilateleSUR. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  64. ↑ Wyatt Reed (2019). How middle class Bolivia learned to stop worrying and love the coup. The Grayzone. Archived from the original (weblog) on 06-December-2019. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  65. ↑ Ollie Vargas (2019). Bolivia’s free territory of Chapare has ousted the coup regime and is bracing for a bloody re-invasion. The Grayzone. Archived from the original (weblog) on 25-December-2019. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  66. ↑ "UNESCO Declares Bolivia Free of Illiteracy". 2014-07-21. Archived from the original on 2019-11-01.
  67. ↑ "UN Praises Bolivia for Progress in Fight Against Racism". 2016-10-18. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
  68. ↑ "Bolivia's Evo Morales Outlines Gov't Measures to Curb Violence Against Women, Promote Equality". 2019-03-09. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31.
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