Syrian Civil War: Difference between revisions

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* {{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} {{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Mazloum Abdi]] ([[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF Comdr.]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} {{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Mazloum Abdi]] ([[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF Comdr.]])
}}
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|strength1=[[Syrian Armed Forces]]: 142,000 (2019)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Syria|title=Syria military strength |publisher=Global Fire Power|date=8 July 2019}}</ref><br />[[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|General Intelligence Directorate]]: 8,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-28/228953-syrias-diminished-security-forces.ashx|title=Syria's diminished security forces|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=28 August 2013|access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref><br />National Defense Force: 80,000<ref>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Analysis/2014/Jun-16/260266-isis-iraq-offensive-could-trigger-hezbollah-to-fill-gap-left-in-syria.ashx ISIS’ Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria] ''[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]'', 16 June 2014</ref><br />Liwa Fatemiyoun: 10,000–20,000 (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |title=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria |author=Ahmad Shuja Jamal |work=War on the Rocks |date=13 February 2018 |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref><br />Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas: 10,000+(2013)<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|title=Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/04/syria-islamic-sunni-shia-shrines-volunteers|work=The Guardian|date=4 June 2013|access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref><br />Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000<br />Liwa Al-Quds: 4,000–8,000<br />Russia: 4,000 troops<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/russias-syria-force-has-reportedly-grown-to-4000-people-2015-11|title=Russia's Syria force has reportedly grown to 4,000 people|work=Business Insider}}</ref> & 1,000 contractors<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/up-to-nine-russian-contractors-die-in-syria-experts-say-1450467757|title=Up to Nine Russian Contractors Die in Syria, Experts Say|first=Thomas|last=Grove|date=18 December 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><br /><br/>Iran: 3,000–5,000<ref name="legion">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-foreign-legion-leads-battle-in-syrias-north-1455672481|title=Iran 'Foreign Legion' Leads Battle in Syria's North|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-state-of-the-art-technology-gives-president-assad-s-army-the-edge-a6898741.html|title=State-of-the-art technology is giving Assad's army the edge in Syria|website=[[The Independent]]|date=26 February 2016}}</ref><br />Iranian forces:up to 15,000<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Turner |editor1-first=Mandy |editor2-last=Kühn |editor2-first=Florian P. |last=Phillips |first=Christopher |title=The Politics of International Intervention: The Tyranny of Peace|date=2022 |publisher=Springer |location=New York, N.Y.|page=266|isbn=978-1-138-89127-2|chapter=13: Intervention and non-intervention in the Syria Crisis}}</ref><br/>Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000<ref name="legion" /><br />Other allied groups: 20,000+
|strength2=[[Free Syrian Army]]: 20,000–32,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/graphic-the-most-accurate-breakdown-of-the-syrian-rebels-2013-9|title=Here's The Extremist-To-Moderate Spectrum Of The 100,000 Syrian Rebels|work=Business Insider}}</ref> (2013)<br />[[Syrian Islamic Front]]: 40,000–70,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/04/islamic_front_isis_syria|title=Front to Back|work=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cockburn|first=Patrick|title=West suspends aid for Islamist rebels in Syria, underlining their disillusionment with those forces opposed to President Bashar al-Assad|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/west-suspends-aid-for-islamist-rebels-in-syria-underlining-their-disillusionment-with-those-forces-opposed-to-president-bashar-alassad-8998891.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=11 December 2013}}</ref> (2014)<br />Other groups: 12,500<ref name="Guardian70K">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/30/70000-syrian-fighters-david-cameron-islamic-state-airstrikes Who are these 70,000 Syrian fighters David Cameron is relying on?]. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</ref> (2015)<br />[[Turkish Armed Forces]]: 4,000–8,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/8-bin-asker-emir-bekliyor-2591721|title=8 bin asker emir bekliyor|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|date=5 January 2017|website=Yeni Şafak}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://aranews.net/2017/01/us-assistant-secretary-of-defense-tells-turkey-only-isis-a-target-not-kurds/|title=US Assistant Secretary of Defense tells Turkey only ISIS is a target, not Kurds|date=16 January 2017|publisher=ARA News}}</ref>
----
[[Ahrar al-Sham]]: 18,000–20,000+<ref name="killing ground">{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/article/syrias-idlib-groomed-islamist-killing-ground/|title=Is Syria's Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground?|work=Asia Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/15/al-qaeda-is-swallowing-the-syrian-opposition/|title=Al Qaeda Is Starting to Swallow the Syrian Opposition|work=Foreign Policy|date=15 March 2017}}</ref> (March 2017)
----
[[Tahrir al-Sham]]: 20,000–30,000 (per U.S., late 2018)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-dunford/top-u-s-general-warns-against-major-assault-on-syrias-idlib-idUKKCN1LK1JY|title=Top U.S. general warns against major assault on Syria's Idlib|first=Phil|last=Stewart|date=4 September 2018|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
|strength3= Islamic State: 10,000+ (in Syria and Iraq, 2022) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stimson.org/2022/syria-in-isiss-strategy/ |title=Syria in ISIS’s Strategy – Can ISIS be defeated without a solution in Syria?|date=11 October 2022|publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center}}</ref>
|strength4=[[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]]: 60,000–75,000 (2017 est.){{sfnp|Rashid|2018|p=7}}
* YPG & YPJ: 20,000–30,000 (2017 est.){{sfnp|Rashid|2018|p=16}}
* Syriac Military Council (MFS): 1,000 (2017 est.){{sfnp|Rashid|2018|p=53}}
* Al-Sanadid Forces: 2,000–4,000 (2017 est.){{sfnp|Rashid|2018|p=53}}
* SDF Military Councils: 10,000+<ref name="spokesman">{{cite news |url=http://aranews.net/2016/06/us-coalition-spokesman-arabs-leading-manbij-campaign-not-kurds/|title=US coalition spokesman: Arabs are leading Manbij campaign, not Kurds |publisher=ARA News|date=4 June 2016|access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="bastion">{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/us-backed-syrian-rebels-advance-bastion-085127312.html|title=US-backed fighters close in on IS Syria bastion|agency=AFP|access-date=6 June 2016|date=6 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="soon">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-deiralzor-idUSKCN1B516W|title=U.S.-backed forces to attack Syria's Deir al-Zor soon: SDF official|publisher=Reuters|author=Rodi Said|date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
[[United States Armed Forces]]:<br />900<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/politics/us-bolsters-forces-middle-east/index.html|title=US bolsters forces in Middle East following series of attacks on US troops in Syria|first=Oren |last=Liebermann|date=March 31, 2023|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
|casualties1={{flagdeco|Syria|size=23px}} '''Syrian Arab Republic:'''<br />91,929–104,332 soldiers & 67,349 militiamen killed<ref name="SOHR">{{cite web|date=15 March 2023|title= نحو 614 ألف شخص قضوا وقتلوا واستشهدوا منذ اندلاع الثورة السورية في آذار 2011 |url=https://www.syriahr.com/%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-614-%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%81-%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%b5-%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%80-%d9%80%d9%88%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%80-%d9%80%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%af%d9%88/593961/|publisher=[[SOHR]]}}</ref><ref name="SOHR1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=8103|title=Tantalizing promises of Bashar al- Assad kill more than 11000 fighters of his forces during 5 months.|date=17 December 2014|publisher=SOHR |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref><br />4,100 soldiers/militiamen & 1,800 supporters captured<ref name="SOHR" /><br />[[File:InfoboxHez.PNG|23px|border]] '''Hezbollah:'''<br />1,736–2,000 killed<ref name="SOHR" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soufangroup.com/intelbrief-on-balance-hezbollah-has-benefited-from-the-syrian-conflict/|title=On Balance, Hezbollah Has Benefited from the Syrian Conflict|publisher=The Soufan Group|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{flagicon|Russia}} '''Russia:'''<br />137–160 [[Russian Armed Forces casualties in Syria|soldiers killed]] & 266–284 [[Wagner Group#Casualties and awards|PMCs killed]]<ref>151–201 killed (2015–17),[https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-russian-blackwater-putins-secret-soldiers-in-ukraine-and-syria][https://www.inopressa.ru/article/14Dec2017/spiegel/vagner01.html][https://news.vtomske.ru/news/150657-eshche-odin-dobrovolec-iz-tomskoi-oblasti-pogib-v-sirii] 14–64 killed ([[Battle of Khasham]], Feb. 2018),[https://www.pravda.ru/news/world/1371126-troshev/][https://ssu.gov.ua/en/news/1/category/2/view/5693#.NTRLLcQI.dpbs] 18 killed (May 2018 – June 2019),[https://www.yahoo.com/news/26-syria-regime-9-russia-fighters-killed-attack-113110297.html][https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/11/06/six-russian-mercenaries-killed-syria-blast-reports-a63403][https://www.uawire.org/russian-officer-killed-in-syria][https://dostup1.ru/society/Dobrovolets-iz-Chelyabinska-pogib-v-Sirii-podorvavshis-na-mine_114812.html][http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=125124][https://meduza.io/en/feature/2019/07/29/three-russian-mercenaries-are-killed-in-syria-and-they-re-not-from-the-pmc-you-ve-heard-of] total of 183–283 reported dead</ref><br />'''Other non-Syrian fighters:'''<br />8,700+ killed<ref name="SOHR" /> (2,300–3,500+ [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]]-led)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/irgc-strategist-hassan-abbasi-praises-iranian-parents-who-handed-over-their-oppositionist|title=IRGC Strategist Hassan Abbasi Praises Iranian Parents Who Handed Over Their Oppositionist Children For Execution: Educating People To This Level Is The Pinnacle Of The Islamic Republic's Achievement; Adds: 2,300 Iranians Have Been Killed In Syria War|publisher=MEMRI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eldorar.com/node/114111|title=عميد إيراني يكشف عن إحصائية بأعداد قتلى بلاده في سوريا|first=محرر الدرر|last=الشامية|date=30 August 2017|publisher=الدرر الشامية|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref><br />'''Total:'''<br />170,045–182,777 killed
|casualties2= {{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} '''Syrian Interim Government'''<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg|size=22px}} '''Syrian Salvation Government:'''<br />111,927–152,524 killed<ref name="SOHR" /><ref name="SOHR1" />
----
{{flagicon|Turkey}} '''Turkey:'''<br />256–313 [[Turkish Armed Forces casualties in Syria|killed]] ([[Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war#Turkey's military intervention in Syria|2016–20 incursions]])<ref>72 killed in [[Operation Euphrates Shield]], 61–96 killed in [[Operation Olive Branch]], 70–84 killed in [[Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate|Idlib buffer zone]], 18 killed in [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|Operation Peace Spring]], 16–24 killed after Operation Spring Shield, 2 killed after Operation Euphates Shield, total of 239–296 reported killed (for more details see [[Turkish Armed Forces casualties in Syria|here]])</ref>
|casualties3= {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|size=22px}} '''Islamic State:'''<br /> 41,266 killed<ref name="SOHR" />
|casualties4= {{flagicon image|De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg|size=22px}} '''NES:'''<br />14,334 killed<ref name="SOHR" /><br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} '''[[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]''':<br />3,200+ killed<ref name="pkk" />
----
{{flagicon image|Seal of Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.svg|border=}} '''[[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|CJTF–OIR]]:'''<br />13 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4910.html|title=Pilot killed as U.S. F-16 crashes in Jordan}}<br />{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31129416|title=Jordan pilot murder: Islamic State deploys asymmetry of fear|date=4 February 2015|publisher=BBC News}}<br />{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-service-member-killed-accident-syria/story?id=47658836|title=US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia|date=27 May 2017|publisher=ABC News}}<br />{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/coalition-personnel-killed-ied-syria/story?id=54118440|title=US identifies American service member killed by IED in Syria|date=27 May 2017|publisher=ABC News}}<br />{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170923-french-soldier-killed-iraq-syria-military-zone|title=French soldier killed in Iraq-Syria military zone, Élysée Palace says|date=27 May 2017|publisher=France24}}<br />{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/16/politics/syria-attack-us-patrolled-city/index.html|title=4 Americans among those killed in Syria attack claimed by ISIS|date=27 May 2017|publisher=CNN}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=126569l|title=Mystery surrounds the killing of a US soldier in the countryside of Ayn al-Arab (Kobani) amid accusations against Turkey of targeting him|date=2 May 2019|publisher=Syrian Observatory of Human Rights}}<br />{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-service-member-killed-accident-syria/story?id=47658836|title=US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia|date=27 May 2017|publisher=ABC News}}<br />{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jan/25/army-identifies-antonio-moore-soldier-killed-syria/|title=Army identifies U.S. soldier killed in Syria|date=27 January 2020|newspaper=The Washington Times}}<br />{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/508654-pentagon-identifies-us-soldier-killed-in-syria|title=Pentagon identifies US soldier killed in Syria|work=The Hill|date=23 July 2020}}</ref> ({{flagicon|United States}} 10, {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 1, {{flagicon|France}} 1, {{flagicon|Jordan}} 1)
|units1={{center|[[Belligerents in the Syrian civil war#Opposing forces|See Order of Battle]]}}
|notes=<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
At least '''306,887''' civilians killed (per [[United Nations]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/06/un-human-rights-office-estimates-more-306000-civilians-were-killed-over-10 |title=UN: UN Human Rights Office estimates more than 306,000 civilians were killed over 10 years in Syria conflict
|date=28 June 2022 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref><br /><br />'''100''' [[Casualties of the Syrian civil war#Foreign soldiers killed|other foreign soldiers]] killed ({{flagicon|Lebanon}} 60, {{flagicon|Turkey}} 17 (pre-2016), {{flagicon|Iraq}} 16, {{flagicon|Jordan}} 7)
----
'''[[Casualties of the Syrian civil war|
Total killed:]]'''
<br> '''503,064–613,407+''' (per [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|SOHR]])<ref name="SOHR" />
<br> '''580,000+''' (per GCR2P)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128063728/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect}}</ref>
----
Estimated '''6.7 million''' [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced]] & '''6.6 million''' [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war|refugees]] (March 2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html|title=Syria emergency|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)}}</ref></div>
----
{{Notelist}}
}}{{Documentation}}
<references />

Revision as of 22:55, 17 October 2023

{{Infobox military conflict |conflict=Syrian civil war |image= | image_size= |caption= |partof= |date=15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – present
(13 years, 2 months and 5 days) |place=Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries) |status= Ongoing, ceasefire since 6 March 2020, with sporadic clashes |territory=As of 31 March 2020: the Syrian Armed Forces held 63.57% of Syrian territories; SDF 25.57%; rebel groups (incl. HTS) & Turkey 9.72%; Islamic State 1.14%[1]Template:Bcn

|combatants_header=Main belligerents

|combatant1=

Template:Country data SyriaTemplate:Namespace detect showall Syrian Arab
Republic

 Iran
 Russia
(2015–present)
 Hezbollah

Support:

|combatant2=

File:Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg Syrian
Interim Government (Syrian National Army)
Template:Country data Turkey (2016–present)
Support:
File:Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg Syrian
Salvation Government (Tahrir al-Sham, 2017–present)[b]

|combatant3=

File:Flag of Jihad (Variant).svg Al-Qaeda[12][13]

File:Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg Al-Nusra Front
(2012–2016)
File:Flag of Jihad (Variant).svg Al-Qaeda loyalists (2016-2018)

File:Flag of Tanzim Hurras al-Din.svg Hurras al-Din[c]
(2018–present)[14]
Support:
Template:Country data ISILTemplate:Namespace detect showall Islamic State
(2013–present)

|combatant4=

File:De facto SA-NES Flag.svg Autonomous
Administration of North and East Syria (SDF) (2012–present)
File:Seal of Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.svg CJTF–OIR
(2014–present)

File:Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg Al-Tanf deconfliction zone (Revolutionary Commando Army) (2015–present)

Support:

|commander1=

|commander2=

|commander3=

|commander4=

  1. ↑ @Suriyakmaps (31 March 2020). "Syria-Irak-Yemen-Libya maps" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  2. ↑ Karadsheh, Jomana; Alkhshali, Hamdi (24 February 2017). "Iraq conducts first airstrikes against ISIS in Syria". CNN. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  3. ↑ "Damascus allows Iraq to hit ISIL targets in Syria: State media". Al Jazeera English. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  4. ↑ Maclean, William; Finn, Tom (27 November 2016). "Qatar will help Syrian rebels even if Trump ends U.S. role". Reuters.
  5. ↑ "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". AFP. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  6. ↑ Chivers, C. J.; Schmitt, Eric; Mazzetti, Mark (June 21, 2013). "In Turnabout, Syria Rebels Get Libyan Weapons". The New York Times.
  7. ↑ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
  8. ↑ "Britain withdraws last of troops training Syrian rebels as world powers distance themselves from opposition". The Daily Telegraph. 2 September 2017.
  9. ↑ "Trump ends CIA arms support for anti-Assad Syria rebels: U.S. officials". Reuters. 19 July 2017.
  10. ↑ Joscelyn, Thomas (10 February 2017). "Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  11. ↑ Solomon, Christopher (13 July 2022). "HTS: Evolution of a Jihadi Group". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  12. ↑ Cafarella, Jennifer (2014). "Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda" (PDF). Middle East Security Report 25. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War: 8–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2022.
  13. ↑ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Starr, Barbara (28 February 2017). "Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022.
  14. ↑ Joscelyn, Thomas (21 September 2021). "U.S. targets suspected al Qaeda leader in Idlib, Syria". Archived from the original on 23 September 2021.
  15. ↑ "Operation IMPACT". Government of Canada.
  16. ↑ Barton, Rosemary (26 November 2015). "Justin Trudeau to pull fighter jets, keep other military planes in ISIS fight". CBC News. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  17. ↑ "France Says Its Airstrikes Hit an ISIS Camp in Syria". The New York Times. 28 September 2015.
  18. ↑ "Iraq Air Force Bombs ISIS in Syria for First Time".
  19. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018.
  20. ↑ "The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 22 February 2017. Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.
  21. ↑ Watson, Ivan; Tuysuz, Gul (29 October 2014). "Meet America's newest allies: Syria's Kurdish minority". CNN. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  22. ↑ A. Jaunger (30 July 2017). "US increases military support to Kurdish-led forces in Syria". ARA News. Retrieved 1 January 2018 – via Inside Syria Media Center.
  23. ↑ "On International Human Rights Day: Millions of Syrians robbed of "rights" and 593 thousand killed in a decade". SOHR. 9 December 2020.
  24. ↑ "The Latest: US: Pro-Syrian forces hit in strike posed threat". ABC News.
  25. ↑ Manson, Katrina (2017-05-18). "US strikes pro-Assad regime convoy in southern Syria". Financial Times. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Amir Toumaj; Caleb Weiss (3 June 2017). "Iran tests the US in southeastern Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  27. ↑ "British special forces 'operating inside Syria alongside rebelsTemplate:'", The Daily Telegraph, 6 June 2016
  28. ↑ Komar, Rao (31 May 2016). "The New Syrian Army: America's 'Tip of the Spear' Against ISIS in the Syrian Desert". Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  29. ↑ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  30. ↑ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  31. ↑ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  32. ↑ al-Khalidi, Suleiman. "Israel intensifying air war in Syria against Iranian encroachment". Reuters.


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