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...e whole immense superstructure." Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</ref> == Negation of the negation ==

{{hatnote|This page is about communism as an ideology. For other uses of the term, see [[Communism (disambiguation)]].}} ...lassless, moneyless, stateless society. Communism, when used in the manner of references an ideology, refers to the revolutionary socialism and [[Karl Ma

[[File:Das Kapital Vol I.jpg|thumb|right|First edition title page of Volume I (1867)]] ...d in the Memory of the World Programme of UNESCO together with manuscripts of [[The Communist Manifesto]] in June 2013.

...e-value''' is said to be one in which [[exchange-value]] (usually in terms of a [[price|money-price]]) expresses more than its intrinsic [[use-value]]. Distinguishing characteristics of the form of exchange value include:

...me I]] of [[Marx]]'s ''[[Das Kapital|Capital]]'', using a simplified model of [[Dialectics#Materialist_.28or_Marxist.29_Dialectics|Marx’s dialectical m ...ngle commodity. ''Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a [[Path_of_Argument#Commodity|commodity]].''"<ref>https://www.marxists.org

...red. New sources of energy have played a major role in successive modes of production.]] ...ganise themselves economically). Together these form the [[material base]] of this society. When the contradictions between productive forces and relatio

...ocially owned and the surplus product generated by them is for the benefit of society as a whole, rather than a minority which accrues much more wealth t ...14, 2022 from <nowiki>https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/means+of+production</nowiki></ref>

...ubeThumb|<youtube height=240 width=426>EKdQB58g89M</youtube>|"Fundamentals of Marx: Falling Profit Rates" by The Marxist Project}} ...}}[[File:RoP-CC.jpeg|thumb|right|Projection of the development of the rate of profit (RoP) in the [[Imperial core]], corrected successively over time.]]

...''general labour''', is [[concrete labour]] which has undergone a process of [[abstraction]] in society. Distinguishing characteristics of abstract labour include:

...surplus value]] (and hence more capital) as the result of [[exploitation]] of [[wage labour|wage labor]]. ...elations of production]] between the two principal classes in [[capitalism|capitalist]] society—the capitalists (or [[bourgeoisie]]) and the workers ([[proleta

...rl Marx]] in his [[Marxist economics|economic writings]] for the [[value]] of [[surplus labour]], usually expressed in [[money]]. ...le. In other words, surplus value is the main source of [[profit]] for the capitalist.

...money exists as a connection between the differing aspects of [[commodity production]] in the ''physical'' [[labour process]] itself. Distinguishing characteristics of money as a material relation between things include:

...material life. The term is a key idea within the [[materialist conception of history]]. ...r Marx's death, [[Friedrich Engels]] would offer the following explanation of the idea:

...ountries.<ref>Vladimir Lenin (1915). ''[[On the Slogan for a United States of Europe]]''. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/aug/23.htm A ...y is impossible, and it may also create misconceptions as to the relations of such a country to the others."

[[Value]] is composed of [[use-value]] and [[exchange-value]], and is identical to the "[[socially n Distinguishing characteristics of value include:

...ial conditions, and that ideas dictate only the specific form. This method of analysis Engels termed historical materialism. ...by antagonisms and [[class struggle]], as opposed to a debate or a battle of ideas, which only determines how these changes present themselves:

...nstruction. By 1925 [[Nikolai Bukharin]] had become the foremost supporter of the NEP, while [[Leon Trotsky]] was opposed to it and [[Joseph Stalin]] was ...ut the state controlled the fixing of prices and the appointment of boards of directors. Private trade and wages were restored, and compulsory labor serv

...] which emerges from the [[circulation|circulation of money]] as a [[means of payment]]. <!--I haven't read Capital, just copying this uncritically, don' ...nship yields the concept of [[capital]], which is central to the remainder of Marx's analysis.

...Value|exchange value]], rather than for direct consumption. Both commodity production and [[wage labour]] are prerequisites for [[capitalism]]. ...mmunes. However, with the development of productive forces and the ability of individuals to produce commodities on their own, exchange came to be carrie

...ialism]], is characterized by [[monopoly|monopolies]] and concentration of production. == Definition of imperialism ==

...emand an expansion — accumulation, of [[capital]], in the process of which capitalist relations are [[reproduction|reproduced]]. ...certain time, any capital becomes capitalized [[surplus value]] regardless of its initial source.

...hip over the [[means of production]] is the most important social relation of this kind, since it gives the owning class control over the [[labour]] proc ...on the means of production. Communist society does away with distinctively capitalist property relations; while in the human sense it strengthens property relati

...umb|An illustration of class society published by the [[Industrial Workers of the World]].]] ...t|workers]] and [[Bourgeois|capitalists]] to be the main classes of modern capitalist society.

[[File:England-Peasant-Revolt.jpg|thumb|489x489px|Painting of the [[1381 English peasants' revolt]].]] ...peasant uprisings in Europe, such as the radical [[German Peasants' War]] of 1524, lacked true self-consciousness and expressed themselves in [[religion

...is further recognized as one of Marx's rare statements on the organization of a future communist society.<ref>''Marx: A Very Short Introduction'' by Pete ...kers' Party of Germany, which was renamed to the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD) in 1890.

...production|productive relationship]]. [[Karl Marx]] pioneered the study of capitalist society when he began to [[material]]ly analyze the social system which had ...[[productive forces|productive capacity]] that secured European domination of the globe.

...term popular through his 1938 work ''[[The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)]]''. ...20th century. Marxism–Leninism continues to be followed by a large portion of the international workers' movement, and is upheld by many communist partie

...|This page is about the communist [[mode of production]]. For other senses of the term, see [[Communism (disambiguation)]].}} ...0px|An engraving of [[Robert Owen]]'s proposed [[proto-communist]] society of New Harmony. This early communist experiment failed and the planned living

...Russia !! Year of capitalist restoration/installation in Russia !! Cause of Russia degeneration and subsequent restoration !! USSR's political economy ...ommunist Party of China]]. </ref>|| ~1953 or ~1985 || around 1990 || Lack of market reforms, foreign pressures || Socialism || N/A || N/A || N/A || Yes

...ocial science]] that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.<ref>https://www.lexico.com/definition/economics</ref><r ...lishment of a system of economic knowledge was directly tied to the advent of political economy as a science.

...al description of how capital circulates, as well as going over the origin of economic crises. # The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits

...''Historical Dictionary of Socialism'' (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. '''73'''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecr ...unt of its ambiguity, thus loses all meaning""<br>—Karl Marx, ''[[Critique of the Gotha Programme]]'', Chapter I</ref>

...st]] [[Chile]]an Marxist. 4. Headquarters of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] during the [[United Front]] era, 1932. 5. [[First Intifada]] in t ...Modern leftists also oppose the [[Rightism|ideological forces]] in support of capitalism, including [[liberalism]] and [[fascism]].

...ngent on the existence of [[capitalism]]. It is associated with the export of capital. {{main|History of imperialism}}

...nant [[producing class]], and ownership over this complete commodification of the human being controlled by their owners. ...ough prisoners of war. At the height of Athenian slavery, around one third of the population were slaves.{{cn}}

...utionary Marxism. He emphasizes Leninism as a step forward, an advancement of Marxism. === Chapter 1: Historical Roots of Leninism ===

...doption of [[Marxism–Leninism]] as the officially ''modernized'' worldview of Marxism.]] ...e a holistic worldview (German: ''Weltanschauung'') that included theories of [[philosophy]], [[history]], [[politics]], [[economics]], and [[science]].

...ke the Yakuza also have close ties to the right wing. Though Japan has one of the largest communist parties in the world, leftism in general currently ha ...samurai''). The samurai generally had a right to strike with a sword those of a lower class who were perceived to have offended them in what is known as

...0.html#secc101|accessdate=2020-01-28}}</ref> An academic at the University of London has done likewise, noting that global poverty is significantly highe ...rtality. Earning $2 per day doesn’t mean that you’re somehow suddenly free of extreme poverty. Not by a long shot.|Jason Hickel|<ref name=Hickel>{{safesu

...eferred to as '''classical liberalism''' to distinguish it from other uses of the term, including [[social liberalism]]. ...x]] viewed the communist project to be, in some ways, the true culmination of liberal and [[Enlightenment]] thought{{cn}} while also subverting its core

...ly a form, a sort of promissory note, which does not change the real state of affairs. ...s capitalist production.''</blockquote>-''Joseph Stalin, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, P13-14''

...alike; leftist critiques include a perceived political divisiveness, lack of class-based critique, and [[idealist]] or [[liberal]] character. ...clc=250480672}}</ref> and other struggles was directly linked to the fight of the working class:

...tionary character. With a critical aspect of bourgeois ideology being that of nationalism, it is not unexpected that certain figures that have ...actionary ideology, and be able to fully embrace the progressive character of Marxism, or for that matter, be willing to properly indulge and educate the

| englishname = People's Republic of China | mapnote = Land controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light g

...reproduction]] with [[technology]], social domination, and the [[division of labor]]. Though the book is intended to be simple, it contains some advance ...b|right|The termite ''Coptotermes lacteus'', native to Australia, in a few of its physical forms. Unlike termites, humans are physically able to perform

...'''French Fifth Republic''', was established after the [[Algiers crisis]] of 1958. {{main|History of France}}

...ghter to hear, for instance, [[Gandhi]] named as an example of the success of non-violence. As long as twenty years ago it was cynically admitted in Angl ...e most [[reactionary]], [[chauvinist]], militaristic and bloodthirsty form of bourgeois rule, which at that time waged a genocidal war? Furthermore, how

! colspan="2" | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics<br><small>Сою́з Сове́тских Соц ...ss|300x300|center|The Soviet Union]]<br><div style="text-align:center">Map of the USSR</div>

...1897) (Sismondi and Our Native Sismondists) Chapter 8, Capitalist Rent and Capitalist Overpopulation], [https://archive.li/oA0vT archive]</ref> ...rikes|labour strikes]], further weakening the political and economic power of the organized workers.

...tect the interests of American capitalists and the geopolitical objectives of [[anti-communism]]. ...is occasionally pushed back, leaving a large number of assets in the form of war criminals and other convenient reactionaries who are useful for harassi