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{{quote|"It is time for us to do what we have been doing. And that time is every day. Every day it is time for us to agree that there are things and tools that are available to us to slow this thing down."|''Epidemiologist Kamala Devi Harris''}}
{{Template:Sandbox heading}}
__FORCETOC__
<!--=================================DELETE UNDER THIS LINE ONLY!!!======================-->
Links to subpages:
{{lspp}}
==Sidebar templates==
<!--EXAMPLE ONE-->
===Imperialism===
{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
| name    =
| pretitle = <strong>Theories of</strong>
| title    = [[Theories_of_imperialism|Imperialism]]
| titlestyle = background:#73ddba; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1em;
| contentstyle = border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
| headingstyle = font-size:135%; padding-top:0.25em;
| expanded = {{{expanded|}}}


==Links==
| list1name  = authors
*'''[[User:Harrystein/sandbox|Sandbox]]'''
| list1title = Authors
*[[:Category:Administrative categories|Administrative categories]]
| list1      = [[V.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Lenin]]{{dot}}[[Rosa Luxemburg]]{{dot}}[[Samir Amin]]{{dot}}[[John Smith]]{{dot}}[[Michael Hudson]]
*[[:Category:Useful namespace categories|Useful namespace categories]]
===Specials===
*[[Special:NewFiles|Gallery of new files]]
*[[Special:UncategorizedFiles|Uncategorized files]]


==Projects==
| list2title = Concepts
===CIA operations/codenames===
|list2name  = concepts
Separate pages, collected in [[:Category:CIA operations]]. Get reference at [[Wikipedia:Category:Central_Intelligence_Agency_operations]] and WikiSpooks if need be.
| list2      = [[Super&#8209;imperialism]]{{dot}}[[Unequal exchange]]{{dot}}[[Three worlds theory]]{{dot}}
* '''[[QRHELPFUL]]''', 1983-9(?): CIA funding and aid of Polish dissidents, to the tune of $20 mil. See also NED sending $9 mil.
* '''[[Project Artichoke]]''', 1951-3: predecessor to [[MKUltra]].
* '''[[Operation PBHistory]]''', 1954: CIA searching over 500,000 documents in Guatemala in attempt to prove Jacobo Arbenz was connected to communists or the USSR
* '''[[Operation Lincoln]]''', 1950s-60s: Civilians recruited by CIA and sent to USSR as "tourists" to gather information


===Interesting people===
| list3title = Issues
{{div col}}
| list3name = issues
* [[Leon Theremin]]<br>
| list3 = [[test]]
{{div col end}}
}}
===Other pages===
<!--EXAMPLE TWO-->
*'''[[Primitive communism]]''': Nuance incorporating 150 years of research. Concept of "primitive communism" and prevalence. Scrutinize mainstream "band society" concept.
{{sidebar
**Supportive sources:
| pretitle = <strong>Theories of</strong>
***Cockshott, HTWW Chapter 2.
| title = [[Theories_of_imperialism|Imperialism]]
***[https://cosmonautmag.com/2022/03/the-dawn-of-social-evolution/ Cosmonaut article on Grabgrow]
| titlestyle = background:#73ddba; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1em;
**Critical sources:
| contentstyle = border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
***[https://web.archive.org/web/20230623052134/https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-of-primitive-communism-is-as-seductive-as-it-is-wrong Annoying smug liberal at Aeon.co]
| heading1 = Authors
*'''[[European Middle Ages]]''' / '''[[Dark Ages]]'''
| content1 = [[V. I.&nbsp;Lenin]]{{dot}}[[Rosa Luxemburg]]{{dot}}[[Samir Amin]]{{dot}}[[John Smith]]{{dot}}[[Michael Hudson]]
**Supportive sources:
| heading2 = Concepts
***''The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization'', Bryan Ward-Perkins, Chapter 5-??
| content2 = [[Super&#8209;imperialism]]{{dot}}[[Unequal exchange]]{{dot}}[[Three worlds theory]]{{dot}}
*'''[[Brainwashing]]''': Really created by the Army in response to the Korean defectors? Did the CIA really believe it was true even when it was American BS? Some starting sources are in a comment on the page.
| heading3 = Issues
| content3 = [[test]]
}}
<!--EXAMPLE THREE-->
{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
| name    = Test name
| title    = [[Theories_of_imperialism|Imperialism]]
| titlestyle = background:#73ddba; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1em;
| contentstyle = border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
| headingstyle = font-size:120%; padding-top:0.25em;
| expanded = {{{expanded|}}}


==Todo==
| heading1 = Theory
===Priorities===
| list1name  = authors
====Wanted important pages====
| list1title = Authors
{{div col}}
| list1      = [[V. I.&nbsp;Lenin]]{{dot}}[[Rosa Luxemburg]]{{dot}}[[Samir Amin]]{{dot}}[[John Smith]]{{dot}}[[Michael Hudson]]
* [[Relations of production]]<br>
* [[Marxian economics]]<br>
* [[Economic planning]]<br>
* [[Productive forces]]<br>
* [[Proletarian revolution]]<br>
* [[Strike action]]<br>
* [[Neoliberalism]]<br>
* [[Cooperative]]<br>
{{div col end}}


====Important pages that are sad====
| list2title = Concepts
{{div col}}
|list2name  = concepts
* [[Capitalism]]
| list2      = [[Super&#8209;imperialism]]{{dot}}[[Unequal exchange]]{{dot}}[[Three worlds theory]]{{dot}}
* [[Money]]
{{div col end}}


===Wanted pages===
| list3title = Issues
Manually sorted and combined from [[Special:WantedPages]] and [[Special:BrokenRedirects]]. Ideally someone should make a bot to do this.
| list3name = issues
{{div col}}
| list3 = [[test]]
* [[Italy]]<br>
* [[Rightism]]<br>
* [[European Union]]<br>
* [[Weimar Republic]]<br>
* [[Romania]]<br>
* [[List of political ideologies]]<br>
* [[Political economy]]<br>
* [[Leftism]]<br>
* [[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]<br>
* [[Allies (WWII)]]<br>
* [[Anarcho-capitalism]]<br>
* [[Industrial Workers of the World]]<br>
* [[Mao Zedong Thought]]<br>
* [[Marginal utility theory]]<br>
* [[Neoliberalism]]<br>
* [[Nikita Khrushchev]]<br>
* [[Patriarchy]]<br>
* [[Revisionism]]<br>
* [[Species-being]]<br>
* [[People's republic]]<br>
* [[Collapse of the Eastern Bloc]]<br>
* [[Empiricism]]<br>
* [[Education]]<br>
{{div col end}}


===Wanted categories===
| heading4 = Practice
From [[Special:WantedCategories]].
| list4title = Imperialist countries
| list4 = [[American imperialism]]{{dot}}[[Japanese imperialism]]{{dot}}[[British imperialism]]


* [[:Category:Argumentation]]<br>
|list5title= History
|list5 = [[European colonization of the Americas]]{{dot}}[[Colonization of North America]]{{dot}}[[British India]]{{dot}}[[Scramble for Africa]]{{dot}}[[World War&nbsp;I]]{{dot}}[[World War&nbsp;II]]{{dot}}[[Fascism]]{{dot}}[[Postwar decolonization]]{{dot}}[[Neoliberalism]]{{dot}}[[Neo&#8209;imperialism]]{{Dot}}[[United Nations]]


===Other===
|list6title= Globalization or some shit
====Specials====
| list6 = You get the idea. You can tell I'm not fond of this combined version but I could be convinced of it.
* [[Special:BrokenRedirects]]
}}
* [[Special:DoubleRedirects]]
* [[Special:OrphanedPages]]
* [[Special:WantedCategories]]
* [[Special:WantedPages]]


====Etc====
Link either to [[Theories of imperialism]] (new page) or [[Imperialism#Theories of imperialism]]. This could also be combined into a broader "Imperialism" sidebar, which had one section for "Theories/debates" and others for political and other shit. But in my opinion <strong>if people disagree on definitions they will probably disagree on what constitutes an imperialist political act.</strong> Not everyone can just say "I know it when I see it" - that's imprecise, to me.
* [[Communism (disambiguation)]]: Double redirect caused by multiple meanings of communism, communist, [[Communist party]], etc. - sort out this nonsense.<br>
* [[Slave Society]], [[Slavery]], [[Ancient slavery]]: Most likely need to be merged.
* [[Neoimperialism]] vs. [[neocolonialism]]: Double redirect caused by identity of the two, when they are not necessarily the same thing and may deserve separate articles.
* [[:Template:NavPoAV1]]: Imported from Marxistpedia. I have slightly broken it with merges like [[Debtor-creditor relationship]]. Decide whether to revert this, or to transcend it.
* [[:Template:Infobox political party]] won't align Right. Why?
* [[Authoritarian]] vs. [[authoritarianism]]: Article title? Concept? "Authoritarian-libertarian dichotomy"?
* [[Post-colonialism]], [[Post-Colonialism]], and others: Don't know where to redir these. Idk what teh fuck post-colonialism even is.


====Templates and plugins====
See also at Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:Template:Imperialism Studies sidebar]].
* Add [[:Wikipedia:Template:Use_British_English]] etc., as well as [[Wikipedia:User:Ohconfucius/EngvarB|EngvarB]], a script which automatically fixes English variants based on such templates.


== Help needed from admins or mods ==
{{-}}
*<s>Add relevant MediaWiki pages [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Cite_link_label_group-lower-alpha such as this one].</s>
===Anti-communism===
* MediaWiki modules:
{{anti-communism sidebar}}
** <s>[[:Wikipedia:MediaWiki:Dot-separator|MediaWiki:Dot-separator]]: Necessary to fix [[Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace|this module]] (I think) and thereby [[:Template:More citations needed]]. See for instance [[Special:Permalink/10612|Slavery]]. Yes, it is that convoluted. Yes, we already have <code><nowiki>{{dot}}</nowiki></code>. This Template just wants the MediaWiki version. I don't make the rules.</s> This has been done, meaning [[:template:find sources mainspace]] can be a) revised for LP use and b) re-implemented in relevant citation headers.


== Help needed from users with access to server files ==
<!--ANTI-COMMUNISM TEMPLATE: EXAMPLE TWO: COLLAPSIBLE LISTS. THIS IS OUT OF DATE COMPARED TO ACTUAL TEMPLATE!-->
===Extensions===
{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:VideoPlayer Video Player] and related stuff to enable MP4s.
<!--Put a picture of Nazis or something here. Hell yeah.-->
* <s>Install the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:YouTube MediaWiki YouTube extension] by following [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Extensions#Installing_an_extension this guide]. Necessary for [[:Template:YouTubeThumb]] to work.</s> I'm not sure if this has been done but devs have gotten YouTubeThumb to work now!
| name    = Test name
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:UploadWizard Extension:UploadWizard], or something similar, for mass-uploading files - mainly to get the old server files back to where they need to be quickly. Alternatively, reinstate all of the missing image files by directly inserting them into the server files if possible/necessary.
| title    = Anti-communism
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Disambiguator Extension:Disambiguator]: would allow <code><nowiki>__DISAMBIG__</nowiki></code> to work.
| titlestyle = background:#101010; padding-top:0.25em; color:white; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold;  color:white; line-height:1em
* <s>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74324839/mediawiki-error-lua-error-in-package-lua-at-line-80-module-strict-not-found Scribunto extension], allowing for [[Template:Italic title]] to work among other things.</s>
| bodystyle      = border: 1px solid #000000;border-spacing:0.2em 0;
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Gadgets Gadget extension], which would allow powerful tools for users to edit more efficiently.
| contentstyle = border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
| headingstyle = font-size:120%; padding-top:0.25em;
| expanded = {{{expanded|}}}
|centered list titles=y


===Other===
| list1title = Ideologies
* <s>Deal with [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgUploadDirectory whatever this is], so that we can upload images to the site.</s>
| list1      = [[Jewish Bolshevism]]{{dot}}[[Liberal anti-communism]]{{dot}}
* Fix the broken spam filter, presumably by [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SpamBlacklist editing the blacklist file].
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_custom_namespaces Edit namespaces to include custom namespaces]. Not pressing, but will eventually be necessary to manipulate namespaces for various reasons.
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/SVG Add SVG support]. This would make the file [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Flag of Ukraine.svg] only 182 bytes.
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:User_rights Change files to modify user rights]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/678626/where-can-i-get-templates-for-mediawiki Mass import templates] (such as <code><nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{Clarify}}</nowiki></code>, etc.), or give someone the permissions to do so using [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Importing_XML_dumps one of these methods]. I have been importing the most common ones individually but this may still be of use. '''Not a priority'''
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Skins Add support for Skins].


== Help needed from smart people ==
|list2title= History
* Ever since I updated [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] it seems like lines 259-263 of that page have added "From Leftypedia" to the top of basically every page. It would be awesome to be able to a) modify this to say something else, b) make it italic, or c) remove it entirely. In other words, to have power over it at all. The actual text isn't present I also started a discussion at [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css#"From Leftypedia"]]
|list2=


==Main pages==
| list3title = Atrocities
{{Div col}}
| list3      = [[List of atrocities committed by the United States]]{{dot}}[[List of anti-communist killings]]{{dot}}[[List of White movements]]
===Major===
* Basically just chapter list of ''Killing Hope''.
[[History]]<br>
* [[First Red Scare]]
[[Bourgeois revolution]]<br>
* [[Palmer Raids]]
[[Bourgeois democracy]]<br>
* [[Operation Paper]]
[[Exploitation]]<br>
* [[Christian democracy]]
[[Austrian economics]]<br>
* [[Operation Gladio]] and the [[Years of Lead]]
[[Tankie]]<br>
* [[Hukbalahap|Suppression of the Hukbalahap]]
[[Cold War]]<br>
* [[CIA influence in 1948 general elections]]
[[Christianity]]<br>
* [[Radio Free Asia]] / [[Radio Free Europe]]
[[Reaction]]<br>
* [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]]
[[Space Race]]<br>
* [[COINTELPRO]]
[[Yoav Gallant]]<br>
* [[Operation Cyclone]]
[[Liberalism]]<br>
* [[Solidarity (Poland)]]
[[2023 Israel-Hamas war]]
* [[1993 Yeltsin coup]]
* [[1996 Russian presidential election]]


===Minor===
| list4title = Literature
[[Reform versus revolution]]<br>
| list4 = ''[[Black Book of Communism]]''{{dot}}''[[Gulag Archipelago]]''{{dot}}Et cetera
[[The Origin of the Family]]<br>
[[NSDAP]]<br>
[[Union republic]]<br>
[[Reading guides]]<br>
[[Conspiracy theory]]<br>
[[Xinjiang vocational education and training centers]]<br>
[[Richard Stallman]]<br>
[[2008 economic crisis]]<br>
[[History of the United States]]<br>
[[United Kingdom]]<br>
[[English Revolution]]<br>


===Started===
}}
[[Idealism]]<br>
{{-}}
[[Ideology]]<br>
===Capital outline===
[[Liberalism]]<br>
{{sidebar
[[Grundrisse]]<br>
| title        = Capital Volume I
[[Right-libertarianism]]<br>
| name          = test template name
[[West Germany]]<br>
| image        =
[[Europe]]<br>
| style        = width:20%;
[[Anti-communism]]<br>
| titlestyle    = border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:130%
[[The Civil War in France]]<br>
| headingstyle  = border-top: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:120%; padding-top:0.35em; padding-bottom:0.35em;
[[Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung]]<br>
| contentstyle  = border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-size:105%; text-align:left; <!--font-weight: bold;-->
[[Western world]]<br>
| above        =
[[Jewish Bolshevism]]<br>
| abovestyle    = font-size:100%;
[[American Exception: Empire and the Deep State]]<br>
<!--| style = width: 1px;-->
[[England's 17th Century Revolution (article)]]<br>
| heading1      = Part I: Commodities and Money
[[COVID-19 pandemic]]<br>
| content1      = 1. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter One: Commodities|Commodities]]
[[Communist Party of China]]<br>
| content2      = 2.[[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Two: Exchange|Exchange]]
[[Cultural Revolution]]<br>
| content3      = 3. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Three: Money, or the Circulation of Commodities|Money, or the Circulation of Commodities]]
[[Mikhail Bakunin]]<br>


| heading4      = Part II: The Transformation of Money into Capital


===Empty===
| content4      = 4. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Four: The General Formula for Capital|The General Formula for Capital]]
[[Reconstruction (United States)]]<br>
| content5      = 5. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Five: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital|Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital]]
| content6      = 6. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Six: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power|The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power]]


===Todo===
| heading7      = Part III: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value
[[Economic planning]]<br>
[[Historiography]]<br>
[[Teleology]]<br>
[[Democratic socialism]]<br>
[[Bernie Sanders]]<br>
[[Bonapartism]]/[[Caesarism]]<br>
{{div col end}}


==Manual of style==
| content7      = 7. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Seven: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value|The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value]]
===Spellings===
| content8      = 8. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Eight: Constant Capital and Variable Capital|Constant Capital and Variable Capital]]
====Labor/labour====
| content9      = 9. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Nine: The Rate of Surplus-Value|The Rate of Surplus-Value]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
| content10    = 10. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Ten: The Working-Day|The Working-Day]]
|+
| content11    = 11. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Eleven: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value|Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value]]
!Write
!In lieu of
|-
| [[Labour theory of value]] || [[Labor theory of value]]
|-
| [[Industrialization]] || [[Industrialisation]]
|-
| [[leftism]] || [[Leftism]]
|-
| anti-Semitism || [[antisemitism]]<br>[[anti-semitism]]<br>[[Antisemitism]]
|-
| [[anti-Semitic]] || [[antisemitic]]<br>[[anti-semitic]]


|}
| heading12      = Part IV: Production of Relative Surplus Value


===Redirect and page titles===
| content12    = 12. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twelve: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value|The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value]]
Made a list of redirect suggestions which are intended to roughly balance user expectations (i.e. "Germany" = the BRD) with user traffic (i.e. People's Socialist Republic of Albania vs. modern Albania). This is a tricky question to solve; the most obvious solution is to just pick something consistent and stick with it, and then reverse that decision on a case by case basis based on who complains, basically. (based)
| content13    = 13. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Thirteen: Co-operation|Co-operation]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| content14    = 14. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Fourteen: Division of Labour and Manufacture|Division of Labour and Manufacture]]
|+
| content15    = 15. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Fifteen: Machinery and Modern Industry|Machinery and Modern Industry]]
!Input text
!Redirect target
!Disambiguation
!Disambiguation 2
!Disambiguation 3
|-
|[[Germany]]
|[[Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present)]]
|[[German Democratic Republic]]
|[[West Germany]]
|[[Germany (disambiguation)]]
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|[[France]]
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|[[Korea]]
|[[Korea]]: Page on Korea and its history as a whole.
|North Korea
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|[[Vietnam]]
|Page on history from 1945-present.
|History of Vietnam??
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|[[Yugoslavia]]
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]
|Yugoslavia (disambiguation)
|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)
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|[[Albania]]
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|[[China]]
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|Taiwan
|Its own article about the history of the island and its status in international law etc.
|Republic of China
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|[[Russia]]
|its own disambig page. has enough uses of historical russia, tsarist russia, etc.
|Russian Federation
|History of Russia
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|[[RSFSR]]
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|[[America]]
|United States of America
|You show me a good article about "America", and I'll say "touche" and then title it "New World" or "The Americas" and put it in the hatnote on this page.
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|[[American]]
|United States of America
|You show me a good article about "America", and I'll say "touche" and then title it "New World" or "The Americas" and put it in the hatnote on this page.
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|[[Kazakhstan]] (et al.)
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|Kazakh (et al)
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|[[Cambodia]]
|Page with history of Cambodia as a post-colonial region/nation?? I'm not knowledgeable abt history of Cambodia.
|People's Republic of Kampuchea
|Democratic Kampuchea
|Kingdom of Cambodia
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|[[Bolivia]]
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|[[Czechoslovakia]]
|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]], the name of the country for the longest period of time
|[[Interwar Czechoslovakia]] or [[First Czechoslovak Republic]]
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|[[Bulgaria]]
|People's Republic of Bulgaria
|(modern Bulgaria)
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|Polish People's Republic?
|Republic of Poland?
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|[[Estonia]] (et al.)
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|Kampuchea
|People's Republic of Kampuchea
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
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|Communism
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::
| heading5      = Part V: The Production of Absolute and of Relative Surplus-Value


==Other==
| content16    = 16. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Sixteen: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value|Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value]]
===Non-breaking characters===
| content17    = 17. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Seventeen: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value|Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value]]
See [https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_entities.asp Non-breaking characters].<br>
| content18    = 18. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Eighteen: Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value|Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value]]
This is not based on any formal style guide. Just on what looks right to me.<br><br>
1. Non-breaking space: <code>&amp;nbsp;</code> To be used with:<br>
{{div col}}
*Names such as [[V. I. Lenin]]: <code>V.&amp;nbsp;I.&amp;nbsp;Lenin</code>
*Terms like [[World War II]]: <code>World War&amp;nbsp;II</code>
{{div col end}}
2. Non-breaking hyphen: <code>&amp;#8209;</code> To be used with:<br>
{{div col}}
*[[Super-imperialism]] and the like: <code>Super&amp;#8209;imperialism</code><br>
{{div col end}}
===Typography===
Em dash: <code>—</code>
===Useful templates===
* [[:Template:=]]
* [[:Template:-]]
* [[:Template:Replace]]
* [[:Template:Trim]]
* [[:Template:Snd]]
* [[:Template:Delink]]


====Useful magic words====
| heading19      = Part VI: Wages
  <nowiki>{{!}}
 
{{pipe}}</nowiki>
| content19    = 19. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Nineteen: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages|The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages]]
| content20    = 20. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty: Time-Wages|Time-Wages]]
| content21    = 21. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-One: Piece-Wages|Piece-Wages]]
| content22    = 22. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Two: National Differences of Wages|National Differences of Wages]]
 
| heading23      = Part VII: The Accumulation of Capital
 
| content23    = 23. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-three: Simple Reproduction|Simple Reproduction]]
| content24    = 24. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Four: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital|Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital]]
| content25    = 25. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Five: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation|The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation]]
 
| heading26      = Part VIII: Primitive Accumulation
 
| content26    = 26. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Six: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation|The Secret of Primitive Accumulation]]
| content27    = 27. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Seven: Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land|Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land]]
| content28    = 28. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Eight: Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament|Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament]]
| content29    = 29. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Twenty-Nine: Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer|Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer]]
| content30    = 30. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Thirty: Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital|Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital]]
| content31    = 31. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist|Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist]]
| content32    = 32. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Thirty-Two: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation|Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation]]
| content33    = 33. [[Das Kapital, Volume I, Chapter Thirty-Three: The Modern Theory of Colonisation|The Modern Theory of Colonisation]]
}}
 
{{-}}
 
===Comparisons===
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==Quote box template==
{{hatnote|Don't attempt to read the body text. It's placeholder text.}}
No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
{{Quote box
| quote = "Israel and South Africa have one thing above all else in common: they are both situated in a predominantly hostile world inhabited by dark peoples."
| source = – Official yearbook of the South African government, 1978{{Sfn|Department of Information|1978|p=59}}
| width = 20em
}}
Lorem ipsum. No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; pestilence and general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[Engels|ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
{{tweet|name=Samir Geagea|username=DrSamirGeagea|text=The most important thing is not to involve the Lebanese in anything that they cannot deal with, in light of the difficult situation they are experiencing.|ID=1710619800559378935|image=Geagea.jpg}}
 
Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[Engels|ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[Engels|ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
==Template image design testing==
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| heading2 = [[Historical materialism]]
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| heading4 = [[Marxist communism]]
| content4 = [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]{{dot}}
| heading5 = Schools of thought
| content5 = [[Orthodox Marxism]]{{dot}}[[Trotskyism]]{{dot}}[[Marxism-Leninism]]{{dot}}[[Maoism]]{{dot}}[[Analytical Marxism]]
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{{hatnote|Don't attempt to read the body text. It's placeholder text.}}
No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Lorem ipsum. No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; pestilence and general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[Engels|ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Lorem ipsum. No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; pestilence and general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[Engels|ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Lorem ipsum. No war is any longer possible for [[Prussia]]-[[Germany]] except a [[world war]] and a world war indeed of an extent and violence hitherto undreamt of. Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; pestilence and general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
Eight to ten millions of soldiers will massacre one another and in doing so devour the whole of Europe until they have stripped it barer than any swarm of locusts has ever done. The devastations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three or four years, and spread over the whole Continent; famine, pestilence, general demoralisation both of the armies and of the mass of the people produced by acute distress; hopeless confusion of our artificial machinery in trade, [[industry]] and [[Marx|credit]], ending in general bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their traditional state wisdom to such an extent that crowns will roll by dozens on the pavement and there will be no body to pick them up; absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will come out of the struggle as victor; only one result is absolutely certain: general exhaustion and the establishment of the conditions for the [[Engels|ultimate victory of the working class]].
 
==Gallery/images==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| perrow = 2
| border-width = 2
| image1 = Shri Surya Bhagvan bazaar art, c.1940's.jpg | caption1= The Hindu god '''Sūrya'''
| image2 = Helius kalyx-krater puglia british museum.jpg | caption2 = The Greek god '''Hḗlios'''
| image3 = Solvognen-00100.jpg | caption3 = The "Trundholm sun chariot"
| image4 = The Wolves Pursuing Sol and Mani.jpg | caption4 = The Norse goddess '''Sól'''
| footer = Solar chariots in Indo-European cultures. The names ''Sūrya'', ''Hḗlios'', and ''Sól'' can be traced back to the PIE root '''*sóh₂wl̥'''.
| footer_align = center
}}
The '''Proto-Indo-European culture''' is a hypothetical [[prehistoric]] [[society]] which is thought to have spoken the '''Proto-Indo-European language (PIE)''', the theoretical common ancestor of hundreds of [[language]]s native to Eurasia known collectively as the Indo-European (IE) language family.
 
In the 18th century, European scholars studying the Hindu classics noted a striking affinity in vocabulary and grammar between Sanskrit, Latin, and Ancient Greek, suggesting a common origin. By the 1830s, research into these languages had discovered reliable ''sound correspondences'' which allowed for the inclusion of more dissimilar families like the Celtic, Germanic, and Persian languages. Scholars would later add the Albanian, Armenian, and Balto-Slavic branches as well as several extinct languages. At present, the Indo-European hypothesis is one of the best-supported linguistic theories in the field and is considered to constitute the foundation of historical and comparative linguistics.
 
In addition to linguistic similarities, [[cultural]] and linguistic data in several Indo-European languages show correspondences in [[religion]], [[mythology]], [[hierarchy]], [[technology]], and material culture, allowing for the tentative reconstruction of the cultural complex which may have accompanied such a language. The close relationship between language and culture, however, tends to transcend genetic lineage as different groups assimilate with their neighbors or rulers, and a postulated common origin should not be confused with a [[racial]] or genealogical affinity. The harmonization of the relevant linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence is a continuing problem in Indo-European studies.
 
Since its discovery in the late 18th century, the Indo-European language hypothesis has inspired conclusions about its significance. The anthropologist Marija Gimbutas claimed that the spread of the Indo-Europeans represented a conflict between a warlike, masculine culture and non-IE matriarchical, peaceable societies. Colin Renfrew, a British archaeologist, connected the expansion of the Indo-European languages with the spread of the [[Neolithic Revolution]] from Anatolia and into Europe. Both theories are largely discarded by linguists today. However, the most well-known application of the theory is [[Aryanism]], pioneered by racial theorist Arthur de Gobineau, according to which the Proto-Indo-Europeans constituted a superior [[race]] which expanded due to [[Social Darwinism|genetic superiority]]. This theory was most famously adopted by the [[National Socialist]] movement and served as the [[superstructure]] of the revived [[German]] war machine.
 
{{Image array
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| width = 140
| height = 140
| border-width = 2
| image1 = Shri Surya Bhagvan bazaar art, c.1940's.jpg | caption1 = caption1
| image2 = Helius kalyx-krater puglia british museum.jpg | caption2 = caption2
| image3 = Solvognen-00100.jpg | caption3 = caption3
| image4 = The Wolves Pursuing Sol and Mani.jpg | caption4 = caption4
}}
===Gallery===
====Default====
<gallery class="center">
Friedrich_Engels-1840-cropped.jpg | Engels as a young man, perhaps taken in the 1840s.
Shri Surya Bhagvan bazaar art, c.1940's.jpg | The Hindu god '''Sūrya'''
Helius kalyx-krater puglia british museum.jpg | The Greek god '''Hḗlios'''
Solvognen-00100.jpg | The "Trundholm sun chariot"
The Wolves Pursuing Sol and Mani.jpg | The Norse goddess '''Sól'''
</gallery>
 
====Mode = packed====
<gallery mode="packed" class="center" heights="200px">
Friedrich_Engels-1840-cropped.jpg | Engels as a young man, perhaps taken in the 1840s.
Shri Surya Bhagvan bazaar art, c.1940's.jpg | The Hindu god '''Sūrya'''
Helius kalyx-krater puglia british museum.jpg | The Greek god '''Hḗlios'''
Solvognen-00100.jpg | The "Trundholm sun chariot"
The Wolves Pursuing Sol and Mani.jpg | The Norse goddess '''Sól'''
</gallery>
 
==Template:Country data==
{{infobox military conflict|
location = Mars
belligerents=
{{flag|Belgium}}
{{flag|Ukraine}}
}}
{{-}}
 
==Excerpts from Paul Cockshott, ''Calculation in-Natura, from Neurath to Kantorovich'' (2008)==
''What follows is a transcription of parts of [[Paul Cockshott]]'s 2008 paper [https://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~wpc/reports/standalonearticle.pdf "Calculation in-Natura, from Neurath to Kantorovich"]. In the past decade, Cockshott (b. 1952) has achieved some popularity among parts of the online left (in part thanks to the efforts of the [[8chan]] imageboard [[:/leftypol/]] and its successors), which has been well-deserved&nbsp;&ndash;&#32;Cockshott has, in my estimation, shown himself to be a serious and innovative Marxist who has dedicated his life to the advancement of the cause of the working class. He went to school to become a Marxist economist before he realized that computer calculation, as it was developing in the Soviet Union at the time, was the future of leftist economics, and so he switched to theoretical computer science. He personally made visits to the Eastern Bloc and wrote a proposal for radical reform during the crisis of the 1980s, published later as'' [[Towards a New Socialism]] ''(1993). Even after retiring from his job as a professor, Cockshott has continued to make YouTube videos, articles, and lectures outlining his coherent view on what he considers to be the necessary lessons of the collapse of Maoism in China and socialism in Eastern Europe, as well as the decline of the British left. He has serious concerns about the future of the communist movement, mired in liberal and idealist academic influence as we enter a period of renewed and unprecedented crisis that can only be dealt with by the victory of the masses and the immediate application of socialist planning.''
 
=== Introduction ===
Following the [[Collapse of the Eastern Bloc|collapse of hitherto-existing socialism]] in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there was a crisis in socialist economic thought. If we contrast the situation of the 1990s with what had existed 40 years earlier, we see that whilst in the 1950s, socialism and [[economic planning]] were almost universally accepted, even by enemies of socialism, as being viable ways to organize an economy, by the 1990s the reverse applied. Among orthodox opinion it was now taken for granted that socialism was the "god that failed" and that socialist economic forms, when judged in the balance of history, had been found wanting. And among socialist theorists there was a general retreat from ideas that had previously been taken for granted, a movement towards [[Market socialism|market socialist]] ideas, an accommodation with the idea that the market was a neutral economic mechanism.
 
Whilst accommodation to the market was, to anyone familiar with Marx, completely at odds with his critique of civil society[44], it nonetheless gained considerable credence. Former governing socialist parties, thrown suddenly into opposition in [[Post-socialist states|renascent capitalist states]], felt that they had to restrict their ambitions to reforms within a market economy.
 
In retrospect one can see that the mid-1970s represented the high-water mark of the socialist tide. Whilst the [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]] were driving the US out of Saigon, and the last colonial empire in Africa, that of [[Estado Novo|Portugal]], was falling, the collapse of the [[Cultural Revolution]] in China was setting the economic scene for the triumph of capitalism in the '80s and '90s. When, after the death of [[Mao]], [[Deng Xiaoping|Deng]] [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|threw open the Chinese economy to Western capital investment]], the balance of economic forces across the whole world was upset. An immense reserve army of labour, hireable of the lowest of wages, was thrown onto the scales. The bargaining position of business in its struggles with domestic labour movements was, in one country after another, immensely strengthened.
 
The general intellectual/ideological environment today is thus much less favorable to socialism than it was in the 20th century. This is not merely a consequence of the counter-revolutions that occurred at the end of the 20th century, but stems from a new and more vigorous assertion of the classic tenets of [[Classical political economy|bourgeois political economy]]. This re-assertion of bourgeois political economy not only transformed economic policy in the West, but also prepared the ideological ground for counter-revolutions in the East.
 
The theoretical preparation for the turn to the free market that occurred in the 1980s had been laid much earlier by right-wing economic theorists like [[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman|Friedman]]. Their ideas, seen as extreme during the 1950s and 60s, gained influence through the proselytizing activities of organizations like the [[Institute for Economic Affairs]] and the [[Adam Smith Institute]]. These groups produced a series of books and reports advocating free market solutions to contemporary economic problems. They won the ear of prominent politicians like [[Margaret Thatcher]], and from the 1980s were put into practice. She was given the liberty to do this by a combination of long-term demographic changes and short-term conjectural events. Within Britain, labour was in short supply, but across Asia it had become super-abundant. Were capital free to move abroad to this plentiful supply of labour, then the terms of the exchange between labour and capital in the UK would be transformed. Labour would no longer hold the stronger bargaining position. The conjunctural factor making this possible was the surplus in foreign trade generated by North Sea oil. Hitherto, the workers who produced manufactured exports had been essential to national economic survival. With the money from the North Sea, the manufacturing sector could be allowed to collapse without the fear of a balance of payments crisis.
 
The deliberate run-down of manufacturing industry shrank the social basis of social democracy and weakened the voice of labour both economically and politically.
 
The success of Thatcher in attacking the trades union movement in Britain encouraged middle-class aspiring politicians in the East like [[Václav Klaus]] and presaged a situation in which Hayekian economic doctrines would become the orthodoxy. Thatcher's doctrine TINA, There Is No Alternative (to capitalism), was generally accepted.
 
The theoretical dominance of free-market economic ideas had by the start of the 21st century become so strong that they were as much accepted by social democrats and self-professed communists as they had been by Thatcher. They owe dominance both to class interests and to their internal coherence. The capitalist historical project took as its founding documents the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]] and [[Adam Smith]]'s [[Wealth of Nations|''Wealth of Nations'']]. Together, these provided a coherent view of the future of Bourgeois or Civil Society as a self-regulating system of free agents operating in the furtherance of their private interests. Two centuries later, when faced with the challenge of communism and social democracy, the more farsighted representatives of the bourgeoisie returned to their roots, restated the original Capitalist Manifesto, and applied it to current conditions. The labour movement by contrast had no such coherent social narrative. [[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes]]'s economics had addressed only technical issues of government monetary and tax policy&nbsp;&ndash;&#32;it did not aspire to the moral and philosophical coherence of Smith.
 
The external economic and demographic factors that originally favored the turn to the market are gradually weakening. Within the next 20 years the vast labour reserves of China will have been largely utilized, absorbed into capitalist commodity production. Globally we are returning to the situation that Western Europe had reached a century ago: a maturing world capitalist economy in which labour is still highly exploited but is beginning to become a scarce resource. These were the conditions that built the social cohesion of classical social democracy, the conditions that gave rise to the [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] and then [[CIO]] in America, and led to the strength of communist parties in Western Europe countries like France, Italy and Greece post 1945. We see perhaps, in South America, this process in operation today.
 
'''These circumstances set 21st century critical political economy a new historical project: to counter and critique the theories of market liberalism as effectively as Marx critiqued the capitalist economists of his day.'''
 
The historical project of the world's poor can only succeed if it promulgates its own political economy, its own theory of the future of society. This new political economy must be as morally coherent as that of Smith, must lead to economically coherent policy proposals, which if enacted, open the way to a new post-capitalist civilisation. As those of Smith opened the way to the post feudal civilisation.
 
Critical political economy can no longer push to one side the details of how the non-market economy of the future is to be organised. In the 19th century this was permissible, not now. We can not pretend that the 20th century never happened, or that it taught us nothing about socialism. In this task 20th century Western critical Marxists like [[Tony Cliff|Cliff]], [[Charles Bettelheim|Bettelheim]] or [[Amadeo Bordiga|Bordiga]] will only take us so far. Whilst they could point out weaknesses of hitherto-existing socialism, they did this by comparing it to an ideal standard of what these writers thought that a socialist society should achieve. In retrospect we see that these trends of thought were a product of the special circumstances of the Cold War, a striving for a position of ideological autonomy "neither Moscow nor Washington", rather than a real contribution to political economy. The very psychological detachment that such writers sought, deflecting from their own heads the calumnies directed at the USSR, prevented them from positively engaging with the problems faced by historically existing socialism. It is only if you envisage being faced with such problems oneself, that one would come up with practical answers:
 
{{Quote|text=It is not the critic who counts: not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles or where the doer of deeds could have done better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again, because there is no effort without error or shortcoming, but who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself for a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows, in the end, the triumph of high achievement, and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least he fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who knew neither victory nor defeat.|author=Theodore Roosevelt|title=Citizenship in a Republic}}
 
In the 19th century Marx's ''[[Das Kapital, Volume I|Capital]]'' was a critique of the political economy that underlay British Liberalism. 21st-century critical political economy must perform an analogous critique of neo-liberal economics comparable in rigour and moral depth. In particular it must engage with the ideas of the [[Austrian economics|Austrian school]]: [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk|Böhm-Bawerk]], [[Ludwig von Mises|Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek]], whose ideas now constitute the keystone of conservatism. Soviet Marxism felt strong enough to ignore them then, and the response in the West came in the main from marginalist socialists like [[Oskar R. Lange|Lange]] and [[Henry Douglas Dickinson|Dickinson]]. If socialism is to reconstitute itself as the commonsense of the 21st century{{Spaced en dash}}as it was the commonsense of the mid 20th{{Spaced en dash}}then these are the ideas that must be faced.{{Efn|This article is part of a systematic program of work aimed at contributing to this critique; previous articles were [10, 5].}}
 
In attacking them one should not hesitate to use the advances in other sciences—statistical mechanics, [[information theory]], computability theory. And, to re-establish scientific socialism there must be a definitive break with the speculative philosophical method of much of Western Marxism. From the time of Marx till about the mid-twentieth century, most left intellectuals saw socialism and science as going hand-in-hand, in some sense. Most scientists were not socialists (though some prominent ones were), but Marxists seemed to regard science as friendly to, or consonant with, their project, and even saw it as their duty as [[Materialism|materialists]] to keep current with scientific thought and assess its implications for social questions.
 
But since some point in the 1960s or thereabouts, many if not most [[Western Marxism|Western Marxist]] thinkers have maintained a skeptical or hostile attitude towards science, and have drawn by preference on (old) philosophical traditions, including [[Hegelianism]]. It is not clear why this has occurred but these may be some of the factors:
 
* ''The conception of science as socially embedded. Science in bourgeois society is bourgeois science, rather than offering privileged access to an independent reality. This idea was obviously present in the [[Proletkult]] tendency criticised by Lenin, and was later expressed in [[Lysenkoism]]. In addition there has been a conflation of science and technology in the minds of many writers. The role of nuclear weapons no doubt played a part in this and spilled over to a general hostility to [[nuclear power]]. Socio-biology too, was seen as hostile to progressive social thought, so the alliance between Marxism and [[Darwinism]] came to be weakened. Evolutionary psychology could be seen as transparent apologetics (for example [47]), but this blinded left thinkers to progressive Darwinists like [[Richard Dawkins|Dawkins]][15, 14].''
 
* ''[[Louis Althusser|Althusser]], the French communist philosopher, was obviously pro-scientific in intent but may have unwittingly influenced many of his followers in a contrary direction. One could easily get the impression from Althusser that while staying too close to Hegel is an error, [[empiricism]] is a cardinal sin. Equate empiricism and science, and you're off to the races.''
* ''The appropriation of the "Scientific Socialism" label by the USSR and its official ideologists.''
* ''The brute historical fact that while science was doing very nicely, socialism in the West was not. Thus undermining the idea that Marxism and science somehow marched together.''
 
Whatever exactly is the cause, the effect is that while in the 1930s (say) one might have expected the "typical" young Marxist intellectual to have a scientific training—or at least to have general respect for scientific method—by the turn of the century one would be hard pressed to find a young Marxist intellectual (in the dominant Western countries) whose background was not in sociology, accountancy, [[continental philosophy]], or perhaps some "soft" (quasi-philosophical) form of economics, and who was not profoundly skeptical of (while also ignorant of) current science.{{efn|I owe the above argument about Western Marxism to my co-worker Allin Cottrell.}}
 
Unlike that Western Marxist tradition, we have to treat political economy and the theory of [[social revolution]] like any other science. We must formulate testable hypotheses, which we then assess against empirical data. Where the empirical results differ from what we expected, we must modify and retest our theories.{{efn|For work in the vein see [6, 38, 7, 63, 64, 51, 8].}}
 
In addition we must recover and celebrate the advances in political economy that arose from the Russian experience: the method of [[material balances]] used in preparing the [[Five-Year Plans]] and systematized as [[Input-output analysis|Input-Output analysis]] by [[Wassily Leontief|Leontief]]; the method of [[linear programming]] pioneered by [[Leonid Kantorovich|Kantorovich]]; the time diaries of [[Stanislav Strumilin|Strumilin]].
 
=== Conclusion ===
The Soviet mathematical school founded by Kantorovich and the Austrian school exemplified by Mises and Hayek took radically different positions on the feasibility of socialist economic calculation. To a large extent they ignored one another. The Austrian school largely concentrated on criticising Western trained socialist economists like Lange and the Soviet school appears to have ignored Mises completely. Even when the key participants met, the issue was not raised. Menshikov writes:
{{Quote|text=It is interesting that in the account of his trip to Sweden for receiving the Nobel Prize, Kantorovich mentions an informal reception with the participation of several American economists – Nobel Prize laureates – including Hayek, Leontief, and [[Paul Samuelson|Samuelson]]. But, apparently, neither at this reception, nor during other meetings, this issue was never raised. In January 1976, when I worked in USA as the Director of the United Nation Projections and Perspective Studies Branch, I was asked to present L. V. Kantorovich as a new Nobel Prize laureate at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association in Atlantic City. Of course, I put the emphasis on the economic discovery of the laureate. In the discussion, none of the audience, which included T. Koopmans and L. Klein, a future Nobel Prize laureate, mentioned the question of actual Kantorovich’s answer to a part of Hayek’s argumentation.}}
With the political demise of the USSR, the Austrian school have tended to assume that Mises arguments have been vindicated, but theoretical economic arguments are not finally resolved by politics. Political fashions change. So- cialism, from being politically unpopular in Europe the 1990s, has, since then, been making substantial inroads on another continent. No, one has to bring economic arguments head to head in their own terms. Kantorovich, an absent participant in the Western debate on socialist calculation, is worth paying attention to.
 
''Edited by Harrystein''
 
==Unbulleted list==
{{Unbulleted list|* [[First Red Scare]]
* [[Palmer Raids]]
* [[Operation Paper]]
* [[Christian democracy]]
* [[Operation Gladio]] and the [[Years of Lead]]
* [[Hukbalahap|Suppression of the Hukbalahap]]
* [[CIA influence in 1948 general elections]]
* [[Radio Free Asia]] / [[Radio Free Europe]]
* [[Bodo League Massacre]]
* [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]]
* [[COINTELPRO]]
* [[Ferdinand Marcos]]
* [[Operation Cyclone]]
* [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity (Poland)]]
* [[1993 Yeltsin coup]]
* [[1996 Russian presidential election]]}}
 
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==Linked icon==
This is where I used to have a bunch of crap I tried to copy from WikiSpooks.
===From scratch test===
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|wp|May 1947 crises}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|wp}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|wikispooks|Capitalism}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|pw|Dialectics}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|littlesis|Bill Haslam}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|littlesis|Betsy DeVos|38467}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|opensecrets|Scott Walker}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch|sourcewatch|Peter A. Thiel}}
{{User:Harrystein/sandbox/template/Linked icons from scratch}}
 
== Notes ==
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== References ==
{{reflist}}
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