Scientific racism

Scientific racism or, using the now popular right-wing euphemism, race realism, is the use of either legitimate science or pseudoscience to lend undue credence to racist beliefs.

External links

Reading material on Intelligence, Crime and Race Realism: An egalitarian approach.

This is a long list of scientific sources that will help you dispute the claims of race realists on an empirical basis. Not all of these are direct refutations of scientific racism. Some deal with related questions of genetics and demographic differences on various factors (such as IQ).

• Transracial adoption studies on racial IQ differences adjusted for the Flynn effect (w/ Minnesota transracial adoption study)
• A response to Hans Eysenck and review of Racial IQ literature - environmental explanation for the b/w IQ gap using transracial adoption, admixture studies and molecular genetics
• Heritability in the genomics era — concepts and misconceptions
• Criticisms of Davide Piffer paper on population genetics (with Piffer's inane commentary) - rejected by academic journal 'Intelligence'
• Trait-SNP differences across population groups preventing polygenic score extrapolation, possibly due to differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns
• Polygenic score and phenotype discrepancies caused by gene interactions, environmental influences and changes in linkage disequilibrium: the non-validity of polygenic score extrapolation for different population groups
• Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns - a review of the academic literature on the nature of Intelligence including group differences with suggested explanations and criticism of the genetic hypothesis
• Wicherts et al. systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans and a response to Lynn
• Wicherts et al. A response to Lynn's criticism of the literature review of sub-Saharan IQ
• Socioeconomic status as a moderator of the genetic and shared environmental influence on verbal IQ: A multilevel behavioral genetic approach
• The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them
• Further reconciliation of greater within group differences to between group differences and multi-loci allelic frequency classification into population groups: further evidence in support of Lewontin
• The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence.
• Family socialization and the IQ test performance of traditionally and transracially adopted Black children - parenting differences between black and white mothers contributes to the IQ gap
• Environmental factors contribute significantly, to the b/w IQ gap, at very young ages
• A reply to Rushton and Jensen 2005 on alleged genetic bases for racial IQ gap - a non sequitur
• The biological effects of childhood trauma, it's impact on adult behaviour and intelligence via brain development
• Evidence for reduction in b/w IQ gap with 9 US samples for 4 different cognitive tests, also evidence for g gains - gap less than 10 points
• Geographic continuity in the distribution of genetic variation - the non-validity of traditional race concepts and consistency with Lewontin 1972
• Criticism of the 10,000 year explosion by Cochran
• Further criticism of the 10,000 year explosion by Cochran
• A letter from 143 geneticists denounce 'A troublesome inheritance' for misuse of their research and flawed conclusions
• Criticism of A troublesome inheritance by Nicholas Wade
• Further criticism of A troublesome inheritance by Nicholas Wade
• Race and other misadventures including r/k selection and further criticisms of Rushton
• The more intelligent a person, the fewer connections there are between the neurons in his or her cerebral cortex - IQ beyond brain size
• Reading material on GWAS and heritability
• Polygenic scores inferred from European GWASs are biased by genetic drift in other populations even when choosing the same causal variants and that biases in any direction are possible and unpredictable
• The association of socioeconomic status with IQ development in children with the IQ gap increasing with age
• A refutation of a scientific paper on molecular genetics by Davide Piffer, frequently used by race realists
• A meta-analysis of the causal impact of education on IQ - potential mediator for national IQ differences
• How Heritability Misleads about Race
• Refutations of Rushton including misapplication of r/k selection and the concept of races
• The worldwide distribution of cognitive ability is determined in part by variation in the intensity of infectious diseases
• The method of correlated vectors (MCV) is often used to study group differences in performance on cognitive test items. It is shown here that this method does not convey much information about the role of g in the ethnic groups being compared - criticism of Jensen effect and Spearman's hypohesis
• IQ can experience significant changes in teenage years due to alterations in brain structure during development
• The causal effect of education in adolescence on raising IQ, potential factor contributing to national IQ differences
• Cultural differences in the provision of information account for racial differences in IQ
• cognitive gains consequent to adoption/immigration, changes in IQ’s heritability across life span and socioeconomic status, gains in IQ over time consequent to societal development (the Flynn effect), the slowdown of age-related cognitive decline, and the gains in intelligence from early education - means to mediate population differences in IQ
• The apportionment of human diversity revisited - evolutionary foundation for the rejection of biological race
• The remarkable role of nutrition in learning and behaviour: how protein, iron and iodine intake impact cognitive development in adolescents - potential factor contributing to national and racial IQ differences
• No relationship between intelligence and facial attractiveness in a large, genetically informative sample
• Meta-analysis demonstrating racial discrimination in hiring in the US
• Structural disadvantage as a mediator for racial crime differences - particularly family structure and poverty, are important in driving racial and ethnic disparities in crime
• Racial bias in bail decisions - Estimates from Miami and Philadelphia show that bail judges are racially biased against black defendants
• Meta-analysis of African-american test score gap - socioeconomic status and schooling as mediators for the gap and policy suggestions to eliminate the gap
• Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier
• Assessing the accuracy of perceptions of intelligence based on heritable facial features - There was a significant association between perceived intelligence and measured IQ, but of the specific facial attributes only interpupillary distance significantly mediated this relationship
• From a biological systematic and evolutionary taxonomical perspective, human races/continental groups or clusters have no natural meaning or objective biological reality. In fact, the utility of racial categorizations in research and in clinics can be explained by spatiotemporal parameters, socio-cultural factors, and evolutionary forces affecting disease causation and treatment response
• Criticism of the publication of inadequately reviewed papers regarding race and IQ by Wicherts et al.
• Equal intellectual abilities between genders despite differences in brain size
• Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children
• Reading material on the clinal nature of human genetic variation
• Review of the literature on the b/w IQ gap by Nisbett, concluding an environmental explanation
• ‘Race’, IQ and Genes - how molecular genetics research is misused by hereditarians
• The Black-White Test Score Gap: An Introduction - an overall environmental problem and solution
• Reading material on intelligence with section on race including admixture studies, crossing studies, test bias and environmental influences
• Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples around 3000 years B.C - Wicherts et al. study in response to Lynn, Rushton and Templer on national IQ differences and evolutionary history by examining socioeconomic explanations for the disparity (including the irrelevance of brain size)
• How inter-population differences account for the vast majority of genetic variation in humans
• The Impact of Improving Nutrition During Early Childhood on Education among Guatemalan Adults - potential factor to reducing national IQ differences
• The significance of brain structure over volume in comparison between Humans and Neanderthals
• Criticism of Michael Woodley study "Is Homo Sapiens polytypic"
• Review of academic literature on Intelligence including information on racial differences and refutations of genetic arguments
• The Unintended Impact of Pretrial Detention on Case Outcomes: Evidence from New York City Arraignments - Higher pretrial detention rates among minority defendants explain 40 percent of the black-white gap in rates of being sentenced to prison
• Racial Differences in IQ Revisited: A Synthesis of Nearly a Century of Research - refutations of hereditarian premises
• Reflections about intelligence over 40 years by Flynn - review of hereditarian papers including jensen and environmental explanation conclusion
• A critique of OpenPsych journal and Emil Kirkegaard by a former reviewer
• Projected narrowing of b/w IQ gap in 2060 by hereditarian Heiner Rindermann
• Hereditarian Heiner Rindermann finds b/w IQ gap in the US reduced to 10 points
• The Black-White Achievement Gap When Progress Stopped - the reduction of the racial IQ gap over time, how it stalled and measures to eliminate it in future
• Correcting misunderstandings of the heritability of intelligence and its relevance to discussion of the b/w IQ gap
• The “Flynn Effect” and Flynn's paradox - review of academic literature, criticism of hereditarian arguments and reduction of national IQ differences
• Archive of scholarly critique of HBD claims
• Review and criticism of Race: The Reality of Human Differences
• A response to Steve Sailer at UNZ and further critique of HBD
• Meta-analysis of associations between human brain volume and intelligence differences -Previous effect sizes were inflated due to reporting bias and brain size is not a necessary cause for human IQ differences
• Economic mobility gap between black and white men but not women when controlling for income - rebuttal of proposed genetic explanation for gap
• National differences in literacy skills as a factor for IQ differences - findings supports the hypothesis that both secular and racial differences in intelligence test scores have an environmental explanation: secular and racial differences in IQ are an artifact of variation in literacy skills
• Criticism of the proposed explanation for Jamaican olympic success predicated on ACTN3 gene
• Criticism of MAOA (warrior) in the as explanation for racial crime differences and response to Sean Last
• The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China - The level of iodine nutrition plays a crucial role in the intellectual development of children and is thus a potential factor contributing to national IQ differences
• Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture - reading material on race and intelligence including a review of the race and IQ literature. Refutations of hereditarian principles and papers and correcting misapplication of behavioural genetic research
• Heritability Estimates Versus Large Environmental Effects: The IQ Paradox Resolved - James R. Flynn study demonstrating the compatibility of high IQ heritability and an environmental explanation for group IQ differences
• Analysis: How poverty can drive down intelligence - potential factor contributing to population IQ differences
• Role of test motivation in intelligence testing - meta-analysis of random-assignment experiments testing the effects of material incentives on intelligence-test performance on a collective 2,008 participants. Findings suggest that, under low-stakes research conditions, some individuals try harder than others, and, in this context, test motivation can act as a third-variable confound that inflates estimates of the predictive validity of intelligence for life outcomes
• Stereotype threat in African American children: The role of Black identity and stereotype awareness - stereotype threat is found to be a potential, though small and overstated, contributor to b/w IQ gap
• Race, Head Size, and Intelligence - Possible relations between head size and measured IQ are so small that they cannot possibly explain black-white differences in IQ
• Recently-derived variants of brain-size genes ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP and BRCA1not associated with general cognition, reading or language - results strongly did not support the hypothesis that derived alleles in MCPH-related genes are related to the evolution of human language or cognition
• A critique of Rushton on race, brain size and intelligence
• Jensen's Genetic Interpretation of Racial Differences in Intelligence: Critical Evaluation
• Eliminating Genetic Reductionism from Developmental Science - critique of the genetic reductionist approach to human behaviour in academic literature and public interpretation
• A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research - For similar offenses, African Americans are generally sentenced more harshly than whites
• Race in Biological and Biomedical Research - reading material on the concept of race and it's non-validity as a means of segmenting populations
• Racial Bias in Police Investigations - State Police officers issue significantly more traffic citations to drivers whose race differs from their own
• Impact of the US Housing Crisis on the Racial Wealth Gap Across Generations - among families that owned homes, white households have started to rebound from the worst effects of the Great Recession while black households are still struggling to make up lost ground
• Jelte Wicherts response to te Nijenhuis and van den Hoek (2018) on the application of MCV and Spearman's hypothesis
• Nine things to remember about human genome diversity - The small genomic differences between populations and the extensive allele sharing across continents explain why historical attempts to identify, once and for good, major biological groups in humans have always failed. Racial labels may not only obscure important differences between patients but also that they have become positively useless now that cheap and reliable methods for genotyping are making it possible to pursue the development of truly personalized medicine
• A Meta-Analysis on the Factors That Best Reduce the Achievement Gap - results indicate that several factors are associated with a reduced achievement gap that could help bridge the gap
• The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence - findings do not support a detectable association between the recent adaptive evolution of either ASPM or Microcephalin and changes in IQ
• Understanding Human Genetic Variation - reading material on human variation and the non-validity of race based on the observation of greater intra-population variation
• The ethics of characterizing difference: guiding principles on using racial categories in human genetics - statements from the faculty from the humanities, social sciences, life sciences, law and medicine at Stanford University on the non-existence of biological race and the fallacy of attributing complex phenotypic differences (IQ) to it
• Open letter from 67 scientists in response to a statement in 'Who We Are and How We Got Here' by David Reich on the existence of race
• Introduction and reading material to the determinants of intelligence
• A reanalysis of the bell curve - critique on the significance of IQ over SES and parental income
• Are Jews Smarter Than Everyone Else? - critique of racial explanation for Ashkenazi intellect
• Lead Poisoning and The Bell Curve - Preschool lead exposure trends continue to predict global crime trends and USA trends in education attainment, mental retardation, and teenage pregnancy. Potential factor contributing to racial IQ and crime differences
• Race, IQ, and the Search for Statistical Signals Associated with So-Called “X”-Factors: Environments, Racism, and the “Hereditarian Hypothesis” - the difficulty of controlling for environmental factors and response to hereditarian criticism of environmental explanations
• Race, Intelligence and Ideology: A Review Essay of The Bell Curve
• Richard E. Nisbett, Intelligence: New Findings and Theoretical Developments - review of existing literature on Intelligence including comprehensive analysis of race and IQ favouring an environmental explanation
• Measurements of Intelligence in sub-Saharan Africa: Perspectives Gathered from Research in Mali - Results indicate that use of the Ravens may substantially underestimate the intelligence of children in Mali. This can be particularly problematic when comparisons are made across cultures using the same test and norms. It is recommended that tests developed with local normative samples be used to assess for IQ
• Assessing student’s achievement gap between ethnic groups in Brazil - achievement gaps between ethnic groups in Brazil are found to be statistically insignificant giving evidence that genetic factors have little or no effect on ethnic group performance when students are exposed to similar cultural and financial contexts.
• Race, genes and culture - Brief introduction to the non-validity of biological race
• Realism, Antirealism, and Conventionalism about Race - review of the academic literature on race
• Tracking the Causes and Consequences of Racial Disparities in Imprisonment
• Science shows why you're smarter than a neanderthal - neanderthal admixture and brain volume are insufficient at explaining racial IQ differences
• Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function - poverty-related concerns consume mental resources, leaving less for other tasks
• Africanist archaeology and ancient IQ: racial science and cultural evolution in the twenty-first century - examination of archaelogical records to test hereditarian claims about human evolutionary development yielding negative results
• Does the Intelligence of Populations Determine the Wealth of Nations? - differences in the timing of agriculture transition and the histories of States, not population IQ differences, predict international development differences before the colonial era. The average IQ of populations appears to be endogenous, related to the diverse stages of nations’ modernization, rather than being an exogenous cause of economic development.
• Echoes of the Past: Hereditarianism and A Troublesome Inheritance - criticism of Nicholas Wade: A Troublesome Inheritance
• Black and White Differences in Cognitive Function Test Scores: What Explains the Difference? - exploration of environmental causes for b/w IQ gap
• MAOA and CDH13 genes linked to violent crime, but can they explain criminal behavior? - the red herring that is the MAOA gene in explaining crime
• The Trouble with Twin Studies - unaccounted for confounding environmental variables
• The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior - criticism of the eurocentric human revolution model for recent advanced cognition
• Conceptualizing human variation - introduction to the non-validity of separate human races
• AAPA Statement on Race & Racism - physical anthropologist consensus that race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation
• How human smarts evolved - evidence against explaining intelligence differences by cranial volume
• Missing compared to what? Revisiting heritability, genes and culture - cultural inheritance, when incorporated into models for the determination of phenotypes, can sharply reduce estimates of the genetic contribution to these phenotypes
• The Fourth Law of Behavior Genetics - A typical human behavioral trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability. This law explains several consistent patterns in the results of gene discovery studies, including the failure of candidate gene studies to robustly replicate, the need for genome-wide association studies (and why such studies have a much stronger replication record), and the crucial importance of extremely large samples in these endeavors.
• Multiracial adolescents show no test score gap with whites
• Socio-Economic Status and Inequalities in Children’s IQ and Economic Preferences - results indicate that disparities in the level of parental investments hold substantial importance for SES gaps in economic preferences and, to a lesser extent, IQ
• An expanded view of complex traits: from polygenic to omnigenic - on complex traits being highly polygenic
• Northern humans had bigger brains, to cope with the low light levels, study finds - increased brain size in cold northern climates is due to a larger cranial vision area rather than intelligence
• Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research - the importance of parental SES and grades
• The Bell Curve Revisited: Testing Controversial Hypotheses with Molecular Genetic Data - criticism of the bell curve's assertion that society is becoming increasingly genetically stratified using recent developments in molecular genetics (includes the non-validity of inter-population polygenic score extrapolation)
• Review and criticism of The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilizations Accelerated Human Evolution
• Richard E. Nisbett Group Differences in IQ Are Best Understood as Environmental in Origin - brief review of race and IQ literature
• Educational and ecological correlates of IQ: A cross-national investigation - much of the variance in IQ scores of 81 countries was explained by enrollment in secondary education, illiteracy rates, and by the proportion of agricultural workers. Cross-national IQ scores were also related to low birth weights. These effects remained with national wealth, infant mortality, and geographic continent controlled (exception secondary education) and were largely due to variation within continents. Cross-national differences in IQ scores thus suggest that increasing cognitive demands in developed countries promote an adaptive increase in cognitive ability.
• The Effects of Poverty on Childhood Brain Development: The Mediating Effect of Caregiving and Stressful Life Events - exposure to poverty in early childhood materially impacts brain development at school age further underscores the importance of attention to the well-established deleterious effects of poverty on child development
• Ignoring psychometric problems in the study of group differences in cognitive test performance - criticism of te Nijenhuis et al. (2017) using Jensen's method of correlated vectors to study the nature of ethnic group differences on Raven’s Progressive Matrices test
• The influence of stereotype threat on immigrants: review and meta-analysis - evidence in favour of stereotype threat as a contributor to ethnic achievement gaps
• Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children - minor racial differences of intelligence in young children with proposed environmental explanations for widening gap later in life
• HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND RACE DIFFERENCES IN IQ - A Commentary on Rushton and Jensen (2005)
• Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of ‘‘Race’’ - more on the non-existence of race
• Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution: A Meta-Analysis - minority offenders face greater odds of being charged or fully prosecuted than White offenders
• The geography of tyranny and despair: Development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality -
• The geography of tyranny and despair: Development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality - criticism of Lynn and Vanhanen
• Parent and Peer Predictors of Violent Behavior of Black and White Teens - potential environmental factors contributing to racial crime gap
• comprehensive school reform: meta-analytic evidence of black-white achievement gap narrowing - This study suggests that educational achievement inequities need not be America’s destiny. It seems that they could be eliminated through concerted political will and ample resource commitments to evidence-based educational programs.
• Has the Black-White IQ Gap in the United States Narrowed? A Literature Review - most studies show that the gap has narrowed, and that those studies reaching a contradictory conclusion generally seem to do so due to methodological flaws.
• Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans - reading material on population genetics and its compatibility with Lewontin (1972) along with correcting misinterpretations of PCA etc.
• Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain - IQ is found to change in teenage years
• The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study - home environment was the variable with greater influence on neurodevelopment at 18 months. The observation of how parents and children interact in the home context is crucial to adequately evaluate early child development.
• Comment on Papers by Evans et al. and Mekel-Bobrov et al. on Evidence for Positive Selection of MCPH1 and ASPM - no meaningful associations with brain size and various cognitive measures, which indicates that contrary to previous speculations, ASPM and MCPH1 have not been selected for brain-related effects
• How Jews Became Smart: Anti-"Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence" - criticism of genetic explanation for Ashkenazi intelligence
• There’s still no good reason to believe black-white IQ differences are due to genes
• Myths, Countermyths, and Truths about Intelligence
• The relationship between "race" and genetics in biomedical research - casual use of "race" to define groups in biomedical research has contributed to limited understanding of complex disease etiology and risk factors driving health disparities
• The Social, Psychological, and Political Causes of Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System - the contribution of racial bias to crime rate disparity
• Controversial study of African IQ levels is 'deeply flawed' - critique of Lynn and Vanhanen (2006)
• Human capital in the inner city - Black and white young males are equally likely to engage in violent behavior, conditional on reported exposure to violence
• The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate - Flynn's criticism of the method of correlated vectors and its relevance to the race and IQ debate
• Explaining the black–white gap in cognitive test scores: Toward a theory of adverse impact - analysis of environmental factors contributing to b/w IQ gap
• Heritability: a handy guide to what it means, what it doesn’t mean, and that giant meta-analysis of twin studies
• Helping immigrant students to succeed at school and beyond - analysis of data on immigrant academic attainment and environmental factors leading to achievement gaps
• Reading material on the heritability of IQ
• Does IQ Really Predict Job Performance? - review of academic literature on predictability of IQ in job performance
• Stop Talking About Race and IQ - former hereditarian gives brief introduction to race and IQ debate
• The heritability fallacy - correcting misunderstandings of heritability
• Different differences: The use of ‘genetic ancestry’ versus race in biomedical human genetic research - study on the growing redundancy of traditional concepts of race
• Race-ethnicity is related to biomarkers of iron and iodine status after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in NHANES 2003–2006 - varying levels of iron and iodine by race in the US
• Review and criticism of the 10,000 year explosion
• Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused
• Still missing - study on the missing heritability problem of the gap between heritability estimates for complex human traits based on quantitative genetics and the small magnitude and unreliability of contemporary molecular genetics, especially genome wide association studies
• What went wrong? Reflections on science by observation and the bell curve - further criticism of the bell curve
• Role of test motivation in intelligence testing - meta-analysis demonstrating the positive effect of motivation on IQ test outcome
• Stereotype threat and racial differences in citizens’ experiences of police encounters - the effect of stereotype threat on likelihood of arrest for african-americans
• Race-related healthcare stereotype threat and affect among african-americans - Findings suggest that not only are individuals aware of HCST and able to report on it through surveys, but they also experience greater negative affect and lower positive affect
• The Flynn effect: a meta-analysis - evidence in support of the Flynn effect
• Genes, behavior, and behavior genetics - criticism of flawed methodologies in behavioural genetics
• Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races - criticism of using FST to assign races
• Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies of violence and aggression - meta-analysis of studies identifying polymorphisms for aggression find no association between any polymorphism analyzed and aggression at the 5% level of significance. Subgroup analyses, including by severity of outcome, age group, characteristics of the sample and ethnicity, did not demonstrate any consistent findings. Current evidence does not support the use of such genes to predict dangerousness or as markers for therapeutic interventions.
• ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy - criticism of lay misinterpretations of population genetics studies
• Biological Races in Humans - Using the two most commonly used biological concepts of race, chimpanzees are indeed subdivided into races but humans are not
• Myth and reality: A response to Lynn on the determinants of Italy's North–South imbalances - rebuttal of proposed genetic explanations for supposed IQ gap
• The Geography of Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps - analysis of racial test score gaps and proposed environmental explanations
• Only in America: Cold Winters Theory, race, IQ and well-being - evidence against Lynn's cold winters theory of intelligence by studying variations in the US
• Why do East Asian children perform so well in PISA? An investigation of Western-born children of East Asian descent - analysis of environmental factors contributing to east Asian academic success
• Explaining Asian Americans’ academic advantage over whites
• Understanding Asian American Student Achievement: Do Their Immigrant Parents’ Networks and Empowerment Contribute to Their Academic Performance?
• How Good are the Asians? Refuting Four Myths about Asian-American Academic Achievement - evidence against genetic explanation for Asian-American academic achievement
• Meta-Analysis of Parental Involvement and Achievement in East Asian Countries - positive association between parental involvement and academic achievement
• WHY DO ASIANS DO WELL AT SCHOOL? - introduction to east asian academic achievement and non-genetic explanations
• Asian American students’ academic achievement: reassessing early childhood and college - explanation for Asian-American academic achievement and further criticism of model minority myth
• Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review - positive association between ITI and achievement including explanation for racial gaps
• Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect - the unreliability of the raven's test on sub-Saharan intelligence and that the Flynn Effect has yet to take hold in sub-Saharan Africa
• Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence - The results indicate that Gene × SES effects are not uniform but can rather take positive, zero, and even negative values depending on factors that differ at the national level
• STEREOTYPE THREAT: AN OVERVIEW - summary of literature on the effect of stereotype threat
• Race Is Real, but not in the way Many People Think - brief introduction to the non-existence of biological race
• Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition Across Development and Context - genetic influences on cognition are maximized in more advantaged socioeconomic contexts
• Intelligence and how to get it: Why schools and cultures count - comprehensive overview of factors contributing to racial IQ gaps
• Cold Winters and the Evolution of Intelligence - criticism of Lynn's theory of the evolution of intelligence
• Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics - consensus demonstrating lack of support for the existence of biological race by a survey conducted by the AAA
• Elevated maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy are associated with reduced childhood IQ
• Gene Conversion and Different Population Histories May Explain the Contrast between Polymorphism and Linkage Disequilibrium Levels - on the non-validity of extrapolating non-African polymorphisms to African populations
• Intelligence, Race, and Genetics - on the non-validity of exploring racial explanations for population IQ gaps in light of preceding literature on race
• Race and Genetics Controversies in Biomedical, Behavioral, and Forensic Sciences - criticism of race in behavioural genetics
• Race?: Debunking a scientific myth - criticism of A troublesome inheritance
• Continuous geographic structure is real, "discrete races" aren't - review of literature on 'race' and an introduction to its non-existence
• Brief introduction to the issue of race and IQ with further reading material
• Twenty Years of Stereotype Threat Research: A Review of Psychological Mediators - reading material on the effect of stereotype threat
• Genetic determinism rides again - criticism of GWAS based hereditarianism including application of polygenic scores
• Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective - more on the non-validity of biological races in humans
• Personality, Intelligence And "Race Realism" - brief criticism of rushton and hereditarianism
• Replication of a Gene-Environment Interaction via Multimodel Inference: Additive-Genetic Variance in Adolescents’ General Cognitive Ability Increases with Family-of-Origin Socioeconomic Status
• Absence of a Relationship between Degree of White Ancestry and Intellectual Skills within a Black Population (study quite old)
• Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence - criticism of Kanazawa (2008), Templer (2008), and Templer and Arikawa (2006)
• The dangers of unsystematic selection methods and the representativeness of 46 samples of African test-takers - criticism of Lynn and Meisenberg on African IQ
• Analysis of Polygenic Score Usage and Performance in Diverse Human Populations - on the non-validity of inter-population polygenic score extrapolation
• Polygenic risk scores: a biased prediction? - more on the non-validity of inter-population polygenic score extrapolation
• It's a smart, smart, smart world - brief introduction to the Flynn effect
• Transracially adopted intermediate IQ : Hereditarian nonsense - criticism of hereditarian interpretations of transracial adoption studies
• Family socialization and the IQ test performance of traditionally and transracially adopted Black children - transracial adoption study in support of environmental explanations for b/w IQ gap
• Chapter Two - Stereotype Threat and Learning - stereotype threat: a potential though small factor contributing to racial test score gap
• The Equal Environment Assumption in Twin Studies of Political Traits: Social Confounds and Suggested Remedies
• Softly, softly: genetics, intelligence and the hidden racism of the new geneism - review and criticism of recent hereditarian literature
• Racial-group differences in IQ in the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study: A reply to Levin and Lynn - criticism of hereditarian interpretation of Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study
• Are Clusters Races? A Discussion of the Rhetorical Appropriation of Rosenberg et al.’s “Genetic Structure of Human Populations” - rebuttal to interpreting genetic clusters as equivalent to races
• Regression to the Mean - explanation and the regression to infinity fallacy
• Fallacious Use of Regression Effects in The I.Q. Controversy - refutation of hereditarian interpretations of regression to the mean (old study)
• Reservations about Rushton - overview and criticism of the work of J. Philippe Rushton by James R. Flynn
• The g beyond Spearman's g: Flynn's paradoxes resolved using four exploratory meta-analyses
• Misuses of Statistics in the Study of Intelligence: The Case of Arthur Jensen - review and criticism of Jensen including rebuttal to his fallacious understanding of regression to the mean
• The importance of good research on tricky policy topics - criticism of OpenPsych Noah Carl paper (sidenote: Cambridge has rescinded his fellowship)
• The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy - overview of academic literature on cultural and environmental explanations for racial achievement gap
• Regression to the Mean - analysis by hereditarian Ryan Faulk (The Alternative Hypothesis) of regression to the mean and the fallacy of infinite regression