Scientific racism: Difference between revisions

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'''Scientific racism''' or, using the now popular right-wing euphemism, '''race realism''', is the use of either legitimate science or pseudoscience to lend undue credence to [[racism|racist]] beliefs.
'''Scientific racism''' or, using the now popular right-wing euphemism, '''race realism''', is the use of either legitimate science or pseudoscience to lend undue credence to [[racism|racist]] beliefs.


== External links ==
==See also==
 
*[[Rhetoric:Scientific racism]]
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'''Reading material on Intelligence, Crime and Race Realism: An egalitarian approach.'''
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This is a long list of scientific sources that will help you dispute the claims of race realists on an empirical basis. Not all of these are direct refutations of scientific racism. Some deal with related questions of genetics and demographic differences on various factors (such as IQ).
 
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/5/1/1/pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjv4bf0-NLfAhWJSBUIHRb9AgcQFjAEegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw1p36Ad3YdX32rZXJJnz06Z Transracial adoption studies on racial IQ differences adjusted for the Flynn effect (w/ Minnesota transracial adoption study)]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/npb/people/amc/articles-pdfs/racediff&ved=2ahUKEwjzne-H_NLfAhXkrHEKHfQcBM4QFjAAegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw0WPxvJSPP6wY1Aj1Lva6q- A response to Hans Eysenck and review of Racial IQ literature - environmental explanation for the b/w IQ gap using transracial adoption, admixture studies and molecular genetics]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg2322 Heritability in the genomics era — concepts and misconceptions]
*[https://www.google.com/amp/s/topseudoscience.wordpress.com/2016/01/10/the-forbidden-paper-on-the-population-genetics-of-iq/amp/ Criticisms of Davide Piffer paper on population genetics (with Piffer's inane commentary) - rejected by academic journal 'Intelligence']
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017115/ Trait-SNP differences across population groups preventing polygenic score extrapolation, possibly due to differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns]
*[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/11/06/167551.full.pdf Polygenic score and phenotype discrepancies caused by gene interactions, environmental influences and changes in linkage disequilibrium: the non-validity of polygenic score extrapolation for different population groups]
*[http://differentialclub.wdfiles.com/local--files/definitions-structure-and-measurement/Intelligence-Knowns-and-unknowns.pdf Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns - a review of the academic literature on the nature of Intelligence including group differences with suggested explanations and criticism of the genetic hypothesis]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289609000634?via%3Dihub Wicherts et al. systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans and a response to Lynn]
*[https://jeltewichertsdotnet.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/wichertsravenafr2010rej.pdf Wicherts et al. A response to Lynn's criticism of the literature review of sub-Saharan IQ]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289615000987 Socioeconomic status as a moderator of the genetic and shared environmental influence on verbal IQ: A multilevel behavioral genetic approach]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893020/ The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516610/ Further reconciliation of greater within group differences to between group differences and multi-loci allelic frequency classification into population groups: further evidence in support of Lewontin]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17220170 The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence.]
*[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1986-24139-001 Family socialization and the IQ test performance of traditionally and transracially adopted Black children - parenting differences between black and white mothers contributes to the IQ gap]
*[https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/testing_for_racial_differences_in_the_mental_ability_of_young_children.pdf Environmental factors contribute significantly, to the b/w IQ gap, at very young ages]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232501669_There_are_no_public-policy_implicatons_A_reply_to_Rushton_and_Jensen_2005 A reply to Rushton and Jensen 2005 on alleged genetic bases for racial IQ gap - a non sequitur]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968319/ The biological effects of childhood trauma, it's impact on adult behaviour and intelligence via brain development]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40064475?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Evidence for reduction in b/w IQ gap with 9 US samples for 4 different cognitive tests, also evidence for g gains - gap less than 10 points]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180234/ Geographic continuity in the distribution of genetic variation - the non-validity of traditional race concepts and consistency with Lewontin 1972]
*[https://vav.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/vav/article/view/15966/17131 Criticism of the 10,000 year explosion by Cochran]
*[http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/03/exploding-nonsense-review-of-cochran_8.html Further criticism of the 10,000 year explosion by Cochran]
*[https://cehg.stanford.edu/letter-from-population-geneticists A letter from 143 geneticists denounce 'A troublesome inheritance' for misuse of their research and flawed conclusions]
*[https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-troubling-tome Criticism of A troublesome inheritance by Nicholas Wade]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004817 Further criticism of A troublesome inheritance by Nicholas Wade]
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false Race and other misadventures including r/k selection and further criticisms of Rushton]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180517102236.htm The more intelligent a person, the fewer connections there are between the neurons in his or her cerebral cortex - IQ beyond brain size]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408201/ Reading material on GWAS and heritability]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384097/ Polygenic scores inferred from European GWASs are biased by genetic drift in other populations even when choosing the same causal variants and that biases in any direction are possible and unpredictable]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289614001433 The association of socioeconomic status with IQ development in children with the IQ gap increasing with age]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etMmhzQL3ho A refutation of a scientific paper on molecular genetics by Davide Piffer, frequently used by race realists]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29911926 A meta-analysis of the causal impact of education on IQ - potential mediator for national IQ differences]
*[https://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/Heritability.html How Heritability Misleads about Race]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469962002002002627 Refutations of Rushton including misapplication of r/k selection and the concept of races]
*[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2010.0973 The worldwide distribution of cognitive ability is determined in part by variation in the intensity of infectious diseases]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616303233?via%3Dihub The method of correlated vectors (MCV) is often used to study group differences in performance on cognitive test items. It is shown here that this method does not convey much information about the role of g in the ethnic groups being compared - criticism of Jensen effect and Spearman's hypohesis]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10514 IQ can experience significant changes in teenage years due to alterations in brain structure during development]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/2/425.full.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi4wdH5--HhAhWSblAKHWN8Dv4QFjAIegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2jxJrlGNKQwY83JtnKd6PX The causal effect of education in adolescence on raising IQ, potential factor contributing to national IQ differences]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289606001085 Cultural differences in the provision of information account for racial differences in IQ]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083200 cognitive gains consequent to adoption/immigration, changes in IQ’s heritability across life span and socioeconomic status, gains in IQ over time consequent to societal development (the Flynn effect), the slowdown of age-related cognitive decline, and the gains in intelligence from early education - means to mediate population differences in IQ]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.22899 The apportionment of human diversity revisited - evolutionary foundation for the rejection of biological race]
*[https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00346650510605658 The remarkable role of nutrition in learning and behaviour: how protein, iron and iodine intake impact cognitive development in adolescents - potential factor contributing to national and racial IQ differences]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415372/ No relationship between intelligence and facial attractiveness in a large, genetically informative sample]
*[https://www.pnas.org/content/114/41/10870 Meta-analysis demonstrating racial discrimination in hiring in the US]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097310/ Structural disadvantage as a mediator for racial crime differences - particularly family structure and poverty, are important in driving racial and ethnic disparities in crime]
*[https://www.nber.org/papers/w23421.pdf Racial bias in bail decisions - Estimates from Miami and Philadelphia show that bail judges are racially biased against black defendants]
*[http://nickchk.com/Huntington-Klein_Ackert_Full_Long_Road_to_Equality.pdf Meta-analysis of African-american test score gap - socioeconomic status and schooling as mediators for the gap and policy suggestions to eliminate the gap]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484253?dopt=Abstract Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289617300843?via%3Dihub Assessing the accuracy of perceptions of intelligence based on heritable facial features - There was a significant association between perceived intelligence and measured IQ, but of the specific facial attributes only interpupillary distance significantly mediated this relationship]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/ From a biological systematic and evolutionary taxonomical perspective, human races/continental groups or clusters have no natural meaning or objective biological reality. In fact, the utility of racial categorizations in research and in clinics can be explained by spatiotemporal parameters, socio-cultural factors, and evolutionary forces affecting disease causation and treatment response]
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncom.2012.00020/full Criticism of the publication of inadequately reviewed papers regarding race and IQ by Wicherts et al.]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jnr.23953 Equal intellectual abilities between genders despite differences in brain size]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children]
*[http://golem.anth.wsu.edu/sites/ipem.anth.wsu.edu/files/Handley_etal_2007-TIG.pdf Reading material on the clinal nature of human genetic variation]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nisbett/racegen.pdf Review of the literature on the b/w IQ gap by Nisbett, concluding an environmental explanation]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0005689.pub3 ‘Race’, IQ and Genes - how molecular genetics research is misused by hereditarians]
*[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/9780815746096_chapter1.pdf The Black-White Test Score Gap: An Introduction - an overall environmental problem and solution]
*[https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/npb/people/amc/articles-pdfs/aspeinte.pdf Reading material on intelligence with section on race including admixture studies, crossing studies, test bias and environmental influences]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222545421_Evolution_brain_size_and_the_national_IQ_of_peoples_around_3000_years_BC Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples around 3000 years B.C - Wicherts et al. study in response to Lynn, Rushton and Templer on national IQ differences and evolutionary history by examining socioeconomic explanations for the disparity (including the irrelevance of brain size)]
*[https://web.stanford.edu/group/rosenberglab/papers/popstruct.pdf How inter-population differences account for the vast majority of genetic variation in humans]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02220.x The Impact of Improving Nutrition During Early Childhood on Education among Guatemalan Adults - potential factor to reducing national IQ differences]
*[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2013.0168 The significance of brain structure over volume in comparison between Humans and Neanderthals]
*[http://nyaafest.blogspot.com/2018/04/polytypic-my-ass.html?m=1 Criticism of Michael Woodley study "Is Homo Sapiens polytypic"]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341646/ Review of academic literature on Intelligence including information on racial differences and refutations of genetic arguments]
*[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/695285 The Unintended Impact of Pretrial Detention on Case Outcomes: Evidence from New York City Arraignments - Higher pretrial detention rates among minority defendants explain 40 percent of the black-white gap in rates of being sentenced to prison ]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095798401027002004 Racial Differences in IQ Revisited: A Synthesis of Nearly a Century of Research - refutations of hereditarian premises]
*[https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/1-s2.0-S0160289618300904-main.pdf Reflections about intelligence over 40 years by Flynn - review of hereditarian papers including jensen and environmental explanation conclusion]
*[http://archive.is/YcIDb A critique of OpenPsych journal and Emil Kirkegaard by a former reviewer]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4603674/ Projected narrowing of b/w IQ gap in 2060 by hereditarian Heiner Rindermann]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289613000895 Hereditarian Heiner Rindermann finds b/w IQ gap in the US reduced to 10 points]
*[http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PICBWGAP.pdf The Black-White Achievement Gap When Progress Stopped - the reduction of the racial IQ gap over time, how it stalled and measures to eliminate it in future]
*[https://www.scottbarrykaufman.com/the-heritability-of-intelligence-probably-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-means/ Correcting misunderstandings of the heritability of intelligence and its relevance to discussion of the b/w IQ gap]
*[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.397.4354&rep=rep1&type=pdf The “Flynn Effect” and Flynn's paradox - review of academic literature, criticism of hereditarian arguments and reduction of national IQ differences]
*[http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1599/hbd-heriditarian-claims-critiqued-scholars Archive of scholarly critique of HBD claims]
*[https://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/ Review and criticism of Race: The Reality of Human Differences]
*[http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/10/why-hbd-or-hereditarianism-lacks.html A response to Steve Sailer at UNZ and further critique of HBD]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014976341500250X Meta-analysis of associations between human brain volume and intelligence differences -Previous effect sizes were inflated due to reporting bias and brain size is not a necessary cause for human IQ differences]
*[https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/21/17139300/economic-mobility-study-race-black-white-women-men-incarceration-income-chetty-hendren-jones-porter Economic mobility gap between black and white men but not women when controlling for income - rebuttal of proposed genetic explanation for gap]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712152 National differences in literacy skills as a factor for IQ differences - findings supports the hypothesis that both secular and racial differences in intelligence test scores have an environmental explanation: secular and racial differences in IQ are an artifact of variation in literacy skills]
*[https://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2008/10/04/actn3-and-jamaican-olympic-success Criticism of the proposed explanation for Jamaican olympic success predicated on ACTN3 gene]
*[https://www.google.com/amp/s/notpoliticallycorrect.me/2017/10/15/maoa-race-and-crime-a-simple-relationship/amp/ Criticism of MAOA (warrior) in the as explanation for racial crime differences and response to Sean Last]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15734706 The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China - The level of iodine nutrition plays a crucial role in the intellectual development of children and is thus a potential factor contributing to national IQ differences]
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9780231527699&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAqaSAldrgAhVPRhUIHReYDmIQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture - reading material on race and intelligence including a review of the race and IQ literature. Refutations of hereditarian principles and papers and correcting misapplication of behavioural genetic research]
*[https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/rev1082346.pdf Heritability Estimates Versus Large Environmental Effects: The IQ Paradox Resolved - James R. Flynn study demonstrating the compatibility of high IQ heritability and an environmental explanation for group IQ differences]
*[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/making-sense/analysis-how-poverty-can-drive-down-intelligence Analysis: How poverty can drive down intelligence - potential factor contributing to population IQ differences]
*[https://www.pnas.org/content/108/19/7716.abstract Role of test motivation in intelligence testing - meta-analysis of random-assignment experiments testing the effects of material incentives on intelligence-test performance on a collective 2,008 participants. Findings suggest that, under low-stakes research conditions, some individuals try harder than others, and, in this context, test motivation can act as a third-variable confound that inflates estimates of the predictive validity of intelligence for life outcomes]
*[https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RIPSO_273_0175--stereotype-threat-in-african-american.htm Stereotype threat in African American children: The role of Black identity and stereotype awareness - stereotype threat is found to be a potential, though small and overstated, contributor to b/w IQ gap]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/008124639802800301 Race, Head Size, and Intelligence - Possible relations between head size and measured IQ are so small that they cannot possibly explain black-white differences in IQ]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289608000421 Recently-derived variants of brain-size genes ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP and BRCA1not associated with general cognition, reading or language - results strongly did not support the hypothesis that derived alleles in MCPH-related genes are related to the evolution of human language or cognition]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019188699090185T?via%3Dihub A critique of Rushton on race, brain size and intelligence]
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rPNFXBnwuNoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA397&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Jensen's Genetic Interpretation of Racial Differences in Intelligence: Critical Evaluation]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15427609.2015.1068058?journalCode=hrhd20 Eliminating Genetic Reductionism from Developmental Science - critique of the genetic reductionist approach to human behaviour in academic literature and public interpretation]
*[https://crimeandjusticeresearchalliance.org/rsrch/meta-analysis-race-sentencing-research/ A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research - For similar offenses, African Americans are generally sentenced more harshly than whites]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3808769/ Race in Biological and Biomedical Research - reading material on the concept of race and it's non-validity as a means of segmenting populations]
*[https://people.ucsc.edu/~jwest1/articles/West_RacialBiasPolice.pdf Racial Bias in Police Investigations - State Police officers issue significantly more traffic citations to drivers whose race differs from their own]
*[https://www.ssrc.org/publications/view/impact-of-the-us-housing-crisis-on-the-racial-wealth-gap-across-generations/ Impact of the US Housing Crisis on the Racial Wealth Gap Across Generations - among families that owned homes, white households have started to rebound from the worst effects of the Great Recession while black households are still struggling to make up lost ground]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30015605 Jelte Wicherts response to te Nijenhuis and van den Hoek (2018) on the application of MCV and Spearman's hypothesis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032721/ Nine things to remember about human genome diversity - The small genomic differences between populations and the extensive allele sharing across continents explain why historical attempts to identify, once and for good, major biological groups in humans have always failed. Racial labels may not only obscure important differences between patients but also that they have become positively useless now that cheap and reliable methods for genotyping are making it possible to pursue the development of truly personalized medicine]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013124514529155?journalCode=eusa A Meta-Analysis on the Factors That Best Reduce the Achievement Gap - results indicate that several factors are associated with a reduced achievement gap that could help bridge the gap]
*[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/16/6/600/610971 The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence - findings do not support a detectable association between the recent adaptive evolution of either ASPM or Microcephalin and changes in IQ]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20363/ Understanding Human Genetic Variation - reading material on human variation and the non-validity of race based on the observation of greater intra-population variation]
*[https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-404 The ethics of characterizing difference: guiding principles on using racial categories in human genetics - statements from the faculty from the humanities, social sciences, life sciences, law and medicine at Stanford University on the non-existence of biological race and the fallacy of attributing complex phenotypic differences (IQ) to it]
*[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bfopinion/race-genetics-david-reich#.xvoWpjN8x Open letter from 67 scientists in response to a statement in 'Who We Are and How We Got Here' by David Reich on the existence of race]
*[https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/traits/intelligence Introduction and reading material to the determinants of intelligence]
*[https://www.nber.org/papers/w5230.pdf A reanalysis of the bell curve - critique on the significance of IQ over SES and parental income]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190562/ Are Jews Smarter Than Everyone Else? - critique of racial explanation for Ashkenazi intellect]
*[https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36569/1/MPRA_paper_36569.pdf Lead Poisoning and The Bell Curve - Preschool lead exposure trends continue to predict global crime trends and USA trends in education attainment, mental retardation, and teenage pregnancy. Potential factor contributing to racial IQ and crime differences]
*[https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0z708z33c Race, IQ, and the Search for Statistical Signals Associated with So-Called “X”-Factors: Environments, Racism, and the “Hereditarian  Hypothesis” - the difficulty of controlling for environmental factors and response to hereditarian criticism of environmental explanations]
*[https://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/download/645/767 Race, Intelligence and Ideology: A Review Essay of The Bell Curve]
*[http://humancond.org/_media/papers/nisbett12_intelligence_new_findings.pdf Richard E. Nisbett, Intelligence: New Findings and Theoretical Developments - review of existing literature on Intelligence including comprehensive analysis of race and IQ favouring an environmental explanation]
*[http://christopherjferguson.com/DrameFerguson.pdf Measurements of Intelligence in sub-Saharan Africa: Perspectives Gathered from Research in Mali - Results indicate that use of the Ravens may substantially underestimate the intelligence of children in Mali. This can be particularly problematic when comparisons are made across cultures using the same test and norms. It is recommended that tests developed with local normative samples be used to assess for IQ]
*[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.10544.pdf Assessing student’s achievement gap between ethnic groups in Brazil - achievement gaps between ethnic groups in Brazil are found to be statistically insignificant giving evidence that genetic factors have little or no effect on ethnic group performance when students are exposed to similar cultural and financial contexts.]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260173487_Race_genes_and_culture Race, genes and culture - Brief introduction to the non-validity of biological race]
*[https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/m326m371j Realism, Antirealism, and Conventionalism about Race - review of the academic literature on race ]
*[https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/RACIAL/Reports/nsfAug01narrative.pdf Tracking the Causes and Consequences of Racial Disparities in Imprisonment]
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/science-shows-why-youre-smarter-than-a-neanderthal-1885827/?no-ist= Science shows why you're smarter than a neanderthal - neanderthal admixture and brain volume are insufficient at explaining racial IQ differences]
*[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/976 Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function - poverty-related concerns consume mental resources, leaving less for other tasks]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240500509918 Africanist archaeology and ancient IQ: racial science and cultural evolution in the twenty-first century - examination of archaelogical records to test hereditarian claims about human evolutionary development yielding negative results]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/IQ_Development.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiypfeL6f_hAhVJ5eAKHYB-Dl4QFjAIegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw3vlmD6r9f2GjZ8nhMtqCDe&cshid=1556902357213 Does the Intelligence of Populations Determine the Wealth of Nations? - differences in the timing of agriculture transition and the histories of States, not population IQ differences, predict international development differences before the colonial era. The average IQ of populations appears to be endogenous, related to the diverse stages of nations’ modernization, rather than being an exogenous cause of economic development.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4263368/ Echoes of the Past: Hereditarianism and A Troublesome Inheritance - criticism of Nicholas Wade: A Troublesome Inheritance]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939725/ Black and White Differences in Cognitive Function Test Scores: What Explains the Difference? - exploration of environmental causes for b/w IQ gap]
*[https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/10/29/genes-linked-to-violent-crime-but-can-they-explain-criminal-behavior/ MAOA and CDH13 genes linked to violent crime, but can they explain criminal behavior? - the red herring that is the MAOA gene in explaining crime]
*[https://www.madinamerica.com/2013/03/the-trouble-with-twin-studies/ The Trouble with Twin Studies - unaccounted for confounding environmental variables]
*[http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/McBrearty-Brooks-2000-JHE-modern-hum-beh.pdf The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior - criticism of the eurocentric human revolution model for recent advanced cognition]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1455.pdf Conceptualizing human variation - introduction to the non-validity of separate human races]
*[http://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/ AAPA Statement on Race & Racism - physical anthropologist consensus that race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation]
*[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/08/20/how-human-smarts-evolved/#.XG3Uiej7TIV How human smarts evolved - evidence against explaining intelligence differences by cranial volume]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5812976/ Missing compared to what? Revisiting heritability, genes and culture - cultural inheritance, when incorporated into models for the determination of phenotypes, can sharply reduce estimates of the genetic contribution to these phenotypes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635473/ The Fourth Law of Behavior Genetics - A typical human behavioral trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability. This law explains several consistent patterns in the results of gene discovery studies, including the failure of candidate gene studies to robustly replicate, the need for genome-wide association studies (and why such studies have a much stronger replication record), and the crucial importance of extremely large samples in these endeavors. ]
*[https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.brookings.edu/research/multi-racial-adolescents-show-no-test-score-gap-with-whites/amp/ Multiracial adolescents show no test score gap with whites]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp11158.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjs5J_ooubhAhUeURUIHah0CvsQFjAJegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw3Z19jJF7lPCVcLnFOZmdFd Socio-Economic Status and Inequalities in Children’s IQ and Economic Preferences - results indicate that disparities in the level of parental investments hold substantial importance for SES gaps in economic preferences and, to a lesser extent, IQ]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536862/ An expanded view of complex traits: from polygenic to omnigenic - on complex traits being highly polygenic]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110804214410.htm Northern humans had bigger brains, to cope with the low light levels, study finds - increased brain size in cold northern climates is due to a larger cranial vision area rather than intelligence]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2007-strenze.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjs5J_ooubhAhUeURUIHah0CvsQFjAIegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw1qc8H3nnM1YwkEeYDoklG1 Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research - the importance of parental SES and grades]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.sociologicalscience.com/download/vol-3/july/SocSci_v3_520to539.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwimiPuZtOThAhVxQxUIHb9xBx4QFjAGegQIChAB&usg=AOvVaw2PG6P5VMmMh8f-3VibGldy&cshid=1555960511789 The Bell Curve Revisited: Testing Controversial Hypotheses with Molecular Genetic Data - criticism of the bell curve's assertion that society is becoming increasingly genetically stratified using recent developments in molecular genetics (includes the non-validity of inter-population polygenic score extrapolation)]
*[https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64524/21004_ftp.pdf;jsessionid=95288DFF41DE408494F802894E03F6D5?sequence=1 Review and criticism of The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilizations Accelerated Human Evolution]
*[http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Nisbett%20(2012)%20Group.pdf Richard E. Nisbett Group Differences in IQ Are Best Understood as Environmental in Origin - brief review of race and IQ literature]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289605000152 Educational and ecological correlates of IQ: A cross-national investigation - much of the variance in IQ scores of 81 countries was explained by enrollment in secondary education, illiteracy rates, and by the proportion of agricultural workers. Cross-national IQ scores were also related to low birth weights. These effects remained with national wealth, infant mortality, and geographic continent controlled (exception secondary education) and were largely due to variation within continents. Cross-national differences in IQ scores thus suggest that increasing cognitive demands in developed countries promote an adaptive increase in cognitive ability.]
*[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1761544 The Effects of Poverty on Childhood Brain Development: The Mediating Effect of Caregiving and Stressful Life Events - exposure to poverty in early childhood materially impacts brain development at school age further underscores the importance of attention to the well-established deleterious effects of poverty on child development]
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/ignoring-psychometric-problems-in-the-study-of-group-differences-in-cognitive-test-performance/95176FA6CBA1CA3DA7116904F97EF894 Ignoring psychometric problems in the study of group differences in cognitive test performance - criticism of te Nijenhuis et al. (2017) using Jensen's method of correlated vectors to study the nature of ethnic group differences on Raven’s Progressive Matrices test]
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00900/full The influence of stereotype threat on immigrants: review and meta-analysis - evidence in favour of stereotype threat as a contributor to ethnic achievement gaps]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/testing_for_racial_differences_in_the_mental_ability_of_young_children.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiW1YnmiPbhAhWMlxQKHWS1Ad04HhAWMAN6BAgIEAE&usg=AOvVaw2paXzKQFT0Csuv_nXP4jxy Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children - minor racial differences of intelligence in young children with proposed environmental explanations for widening gap later in life]
*[http://bactra.org/sloth/nisbett-on-rushton-and-jensen.pdf HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND RACE DIFFERENCES IN IQ - A Commentary on Rushton and Jensen (2005)]
*[https://philpapers.org/archive/KAPPOA Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of ‘‘Race’’ - more on the non-existence of race]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0093854815628026?journalCode=cjbb Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution: A Meta-Analysis - minority offenders face greater odds of being charged or fully prosecuted than White offenders]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6200273.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj_r5ei-N_hAhWTtXEKHWnmDvI4ChAWMAR6BAgDEAE&usg=AOvVaw39wPOO5tCknEZH0bJB1IdT The geography of tyranny and despair: Development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality - ]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/62133/21011_ftp.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&ved=2ahUKEwjVsZv8lvHhAhUK0uAKHVcDBPUQFjADegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw1qC3o2_nAvY5WeXqEMCDoM&cshid=1556399247064 The geography of tyranny and despair: Development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality - criticism of Lynn and Vanhanen]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767568/ Parent and Peer Predictors of Violent Behavior of Black and White Teens - potential environmental factors contributing to racial crime gap]
*[https://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/708 comprehensive school reform: meta-analytic evidence of black-white achievement gap narrowing - This study suggests that educational achievement inequities need not be America’s destiny. It seems that they could be eliminated through concerted political will and ample resource commitments to evidence-based educational programs.]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324074343_Has_the_Black-White_IQ_Gap_in_the_United_States_Narrowed_A_Literature_Review Has the Black-White IQ Gap in the United States Narrowed? A Literature Review - most studies show that the gap has narrowed, and that those studies reaching a contradictory conclusion generally seem to do so due to methodological flaws.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5291306/ Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans - reading material on population genetics and its compatibility with Lewontin (1972) along with correcting misinterpretations of PCA etc.]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51731103_Verbal_and_non-verbal_intelligence_changes_in_the_teenage_brain Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain - IQ is found to change in teenage years]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127052#sec016 The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study - home environment was the variable with greater influence on neurodevelopment at 18 months. The observation of how parents and children interact in the home context is crucial to adequately evaluate early child development.]
*[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.862.7957&rep=rep1&type=pdf Comment on Papers by Evans et al. and Mekel-Bobrov et al. on Evidence for Positive Selection of MCPH1 and ASPM - no meaningful associations with brain size and various cognitive measures, which indicates that contrary to previous speculations, ASPM and MCPH1 have not been selected for brain-related effects]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1eed/b19bcf7c059a4b10a9ed8c58027d9ed22bae.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjOmMXvwNTfAhWEsHEKHXLdAAUQFjALegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw2S6mXtmI-daNhkV8GE-OrR&cshid=1546618012750 How Jews Became Smart: Anti-"Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence" - criticism of genetic explanation for Ashkenazi intelligence]
*[https://labs.la.utexas.edu/harden/files/2018/10/There%E2%80%99s-still-no-good-reason-to-believe-black-white-IQ-differences-are-due-to-genes-Vox.pdf There’s still no good reason to believe black-white IQ differences are due to genes]
*[https://www.wou.edu/~girodm/643/Sternberg.pdf Myths, Countermyths, and Truths about Intelligence]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6313833_The_relationship_between_race_and_genetics_in_biomedical_research The relationship between "race" and genetics in biomedical research - casual use of "race" to define groups in biomedical research has contributed to limited understanding of complex disease etiology and risk factors driving health disparities]
*[https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=faculty_articles The Social, Psychological, and Political Causes of Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System - the contribution of racial bias to crime rate disparity]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100121155220.htm Controversial study of African IQ levels is 'deeply flawed' - critique of Lynn and Vanhanen (2006)]
*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00181-016-1160-y Human capital in the inner city - Black and white young males are equally likely to engage in violent behavior, conditional on reported exposure to violence]
*[http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/flynn2010a.pdf The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate - Flynn's criticism of the method of correlated vectors and its relevance to the race and IQ debate]
*[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fapl0000020 Explaining the black–white gap in cognitive test scores: Toward a theory of adverse impact - analysis of environmental factors contributing to b/w IQ gap]
*[https://scientiasalon.wordpress.com/2015/06/01/heritability-a-handy-guide-to-what-it-means-what-it-doesnt-mean-and-that-giant-meta-analysis-of-twin-studies/ Heritability: a handy guide to what it means, what it doesn’t mean, and that giant meta-analysis of twin studies]
*[https://www.oecd.org/education/Helping-immigrant-students-to-succeed-at-school-and-beyond.pdf Helping immigrant students to succeed at school and beyond - analysis of data on immigrant academic attainment and environmental factors leading to achievement gaps]
*[https://www.nature.com/scitable/content/The-heritability-of-IQ-26372 Reading material on the heritability of IQ]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557354/ Does IQ Really Predict Job Performance? - review of academic literature on predictability of IQ in job performance]
*[https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/stop-talking-about-race-and-iq-take-it-from-someone-who-did.html Stop Talking About Race and IQ - former hereditarian gives brief introduction to race and IQ debate]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcs.1400 The heritability fallacy - correcting misunderstandings of heritability]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124377/ Different differences: The use of ‘genetic ancestry’ versus race in biomedical human genetic research - study on the growing redundancy of traditional concepts of race]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4811330/ Race-ethnicity is related to biomarkers of iron and iodine status after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in NHANES 2003–2006 - varying levels of iron and iodine by race in the US]
*[https://vav.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/vav/article/view/15966/17131 Review and criticism of the 10,000 year explosion]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042097/ Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15427609.2011.625321 Still missing - study on the missing heritability problem of the gap between heritability estimates for complex human traits based on quantitative genetics and the small magnitude and unreliability of contemporary molecular genetics, especially genome wide association studies]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20120615223523/http:/www.hss.cmu.edu/philosophy/glymour/glymour1998.pdf What went wrong? Reflections on science by observation and the bell curve - further criticism of the bell curve]
*[https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/04/19/1018601108.abstract Role of test motivation in intelligence testing - meta-analysis demonstrating the positive effect of motivation on IQ test outcome]
*[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-23903-001 Stereotype threat and racial differences in citizens’ experiences of police encounters - the effect of stereotype threat on likelihood of arrest for african-americans]
*[https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/2/suppl_1/649/5170488 Race-related healthcare stereotype threat and affect among african-americans - Findings suggest that not only are individuals aware of HCST and able to report on it through surveys, but they also experience greater negative affect and lower positive affect]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979188 The Flynn effect: a meta-analysis - evidence in support of the Flynn effect]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcs.1405 Genes, behavior, and behavior genetics - criticism of flawed methodologies in behavioural genetics]
*[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381883 Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races - criticism of using FST to assign races]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201331 Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies of violence and aggression - meta-analysis of studies identifying polymorphisms for aggression find no association between any polymorphism analyzed and aggression at the 5% level of significance. Subgroup analyses, including by severity of outcome, age group, characteristics of the sample and ethnicity, did not demonstrate any consistent findings. Current evidence does not support the use of such genes to predict dangerousness or as markers for therapeutic interventions.]
*[https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(18)30363-X ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy - criticism of lay misinterpretations of population genetics studies]
*[http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3737365 Biological Races in Humans - Using the two most commonly used biological concepts of race, chimpanzees are indeed subdivided into races but humans are not]
*[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3efe/13a5b05d78da4777c444a6e59dfac7e1b5de.pdf?_ga=2.155739134.456051522.1553634488-1622802805.1550024350 Myth and reality: A response to Lynn on the determinants of Italy's North–South imbalances - rebuttal of proposed genetic explanations for supposed IQ gap]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/wp16-10-v201803.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjau9SC1IHiAhXvQxUIHcXLB7w4ChAWMAJ6BAgHEAE&usg=AOvVaw0__7lG-zEZRkQoMTs2BnnM The Geography of Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps - analysis of racial test score gaps and proposed environmental explanations]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289614001019 Only in America: Cold Winters Theory, race, IQ and well-being - evidence against Lynn's cold winters theory of intelligence by studying variations in the US]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f6be/f1ac79bdfdc7ec81dc4bd5bd4645dc4994b3.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiho-Wj1oHiAhXgSxUIHWJQBJ0QFjADegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw0nPdtUsDA3uM-HfCOQytnR Why do East Asian children perform so well in PISA? An investigation of Western-born children of East Asian descent - analysis of environmental factors contributing to east Asian academic success]
*[https://www.pnas.org/content/111/23/8416 Explaining Asian Americans’ academic advantage over whites ]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2156759X18788534 Understanding Asian American Student Achievement: Do Their Immigrant Parents’ Networks and Empowerment Contribute to Their Academic Performance? ]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242229807_How_Good_are_the_Asians_Refuting_Four_Myths_about_Asian-American_Academic_Achievement How Good are the Asians? Refuting Four Myths about Asian-American Academic Achievement - evidence against genetic explanation for Asian-American academic achievement]
*[https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/332366715_Meta-Analysis_of_Parental_Involvement_and_Achievement_in_East_Asian_Countries/amp Meta-Analysis of Parental Involvement and Achievement in East Asian Countries - positive association between parental involvement and academic achievement]
*[https://www.otago.ac.nz/deepsouth/vol2no1/setsuo.html WHY DO ASIANS DO WELL AT SCHOOL? - introduction to east asian academic achievement and non-genetic explanations]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7948%26context%3Detd&ved=2ahUKEwiXl4qG2YHiAhXqSRUIHRMwCSoQFjACegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw2tJKkJeJXwXv9k0mXmpgBB Asian American students’ academic achievement: reassessing early childhood and college - explanation for Asian-American academic achievement and further criticism of model minority myth]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5996155/#!po=14.0411 Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review - positive association between ITI and achievement including explanation for racial gaps]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1041608009001071?via%3Dihub Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect - the unreliability of the raven's test on sub-Saharan intelligence and that the Flynn Effect has yet to take hold in sub-Saharan Africa]
*[https://labs.la.utexas.edu/tucker-drob/files/2015/02/Psychological-Science-2015-Tucker-Drob-09567976156127271.pdf Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence - The results indicate that Gene × SES effects are not uniform but can rather take positive, zero, and even negative values depending on factors that differ at the national level]
*[https://diversity.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/stereotype_threat_overview.pdf STEREOTYPE THREAT: AN OVERVIEW - summary of literature on the effect of stereotype threat]
*[https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201204/race-is-real-not-in-the-way-many-people-think Race Is Real, but not in the way Many People Think - brief introduction to the non-existence of biological race]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006996/ Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition Across Development and Context - genetic influences on cognition are maximized in more advantaged socioeconomic contexts]
*[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-03541-000 Intelligence and how to get it: Why schools and cultures count - comprehensive overview of factors contributing to racial IQ gaps]
*[https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/unique-everybody-else/201211/cold-winters-and-the-evolution-intelligence Cold Winters and the Evolution of Intelligence  - criticism of Lynn's theory of the evolution of intelligence]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.23120 Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics - consensus demonstrating lack of support for the existence of biological race by a survey conducted by the AAA]
*[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/38/6/1700/669439 Elevated maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy are associated with reduced childhood IQ]
*[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707611380 Gene Conversion and Different Population Histories May Explain the Contrast between Polymorphism and Linkage Disequilibrium Levels - on the non-validity of extrapolating non-African polymorphisms to African populations]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8089268_Intelligence_Race_and_Genetics Intelligence, Race, and Genetics - on the non-validity of exploring racial explanations for population IQ gaps in light of preceding literature on race]
*[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89a7/4ec80642b4bf569f1f8fb4ef5f770f0e8572.pdf Race and Genetics Controversies in Biomedical, Behavioral, and Forensic Sciences - criticism of race in behavioural genetics ]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287311915_Race_Debunking_a_scientific_myth Race?: Debunking a scientific myth - criticism of A troublesome inheritance]
*[https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2012/02/continuous-geog.html Continuous geographic structure is real, "discrete races" aren't - review of literature on 'race' and an introduction to its non-existence]
*[http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/526/Race-Intelligence.html Brief introduction to the issue of race and IQ with further reading material]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146487 Twenty Years of Stereotype Threat Research: A Review of Psychological Mediators - reading material on the effect of stereotype threat]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06784-5 Genetic determinism rides again - criticism of GWAS based hereditarianism including application of polygenic scores]
*[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c829/1f0f4af1da61c72383f3fd1b4274ff2643fa.pdf Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective - more on the non-validity of biological races in humans]
*[https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/unique-everybody-else/201210/personality-intelligence-and-race-realism Personality, Intelligence And "Race Realism" - brief criticism of rushton and hereditarianism]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374354/#R57 Replication of a Gene-Environment Interaction via Multimodel Inference: Additive-Genetic Variance in Adolescents’ General Cognitive Ability Increases with Family-of-Origin Socioeconomic Status]
*[https://lesacreduprintemps19.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/absence-of-a-relationship-between-degree-of-white-ancestry-and-intellectual-skills-within-a-black-population.pdf Absence of a Relationship between Degree of White Ancestry and Intellectual Skills within a Black Population (study quite old)]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886909002475?via%3Dihub Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence - criticism of Kanazawa (2008), Templer (2008), and Templer and Arikawa (2006)]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289609001470?via%3Dihub The dangers of unsystematic selection methods and the representativeness of 46 samples of African test-takers - criticism of Lynn and Meisenberg on African IQ]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/11/03/398396.full.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiCq4Pk-4HiAhUhpHEKHcvhBEYQFjAAegQIAhAC&usg=AOvVaw2Kyt7FxhRRglV3NGTgykng Analysis of Polygenic Score Usage and Performance in Diverse Human Populations - on the non-validity of inter-population polygenic score extrapolation]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309089/ Polygenic risk scores: a biased prediction? - more on the non-validity of inter-population polygenic score extrapolation]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/opinion/kristof-its-a-smart-smart-smart-world.html?referer=https://www.google.it/ It's a smart, smart, smart world - brief introduction to the Flynn effect]
*[https://analyseeconomique.wordpress.com/2013/11/03/transracially-adopted-intermediate-iq-hereditarian-nonsense/ Transracially adopted intermediate IQ : Hereditarian nonsense - criticism of hereditarian interpretations of transracial adoption studies]
*[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1986-24139-001 Family socialization and the IQ test performance of traditionally and transracially adopted Black children - transracial adoption study in support of environmental explanations for b/w IQ gap]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260117300199 Chapter Two - Stereotype Threat and Learning - stereotype threat: a potential though small factor contributing to racial test score gap ]
*[https://nkalmoe.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/suhay-kalmoe-violations_of_the_eea.pdf The Equal Environment Assumption in Twin Studies of Political Traits: Social Confounds and Suggested Remedies]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680939.2016.1139189?src=recsys&journalCode=tedp20 Softly, softly: genetics, intelligence and the hidden racism of the new geneism - review and criticism of recent hereditarian literature]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0160289694900515 Racial-group differences in IQ in the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study: A reply to Levin and Lynn - criticism of hereditarian interpretation of Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study]
*[https://philarchive.org/archive/WILACR-8 Are Clusters Races? A Discussion of the Rhetorical Appropriation of Rosenberg et al.’s “Genetic Structure of Human Populations” - rebuttal to interpreting genetic clusters as equivalent to races]
*[https://www.google.com/amp/s/jaymans.wordpress.com/2015/10/21/regression-to-the-mean/amp/ Regression to the Mean - explanation and the regression to infinity fallacy]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00050068008254396 Fallacious Use of Regression Effects in The I.Q. Controversy - refutation of hereditarian interpretations of regression to the mean (old study)]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8611/1/1/3/pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiRkPSajILiAhXiVhUIHeRsAjgQFjACegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw1L9tIBcf6-VZs39VBtGz57&cshid=1556980495795 Reservations about Rushton - overview and criticism of the work of J. Philippe Rushton by James R. Flynn]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/flynn2014.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjBp9KCjYLiAhWhSxUIHekGA3Q4ChAWMA16BAgFEAE&usg=AOvVaw2_rs8WzZa5tXNMlzihE3UM The g beyond Spearman's g: Flynn's paradoxes resolved using four exploratory meta-analyses]
*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://arthurjensen.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/2001-kaplan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj33ISw_tXhAhVD4OAKHVtkCrw4ChAWMAF6BAgJEAE&usg=AOvVaw0AzDWLlK-9XzbgjiCUGzfo Misuses of Statistics in the Study of Intelligence: The Case of Arthur Jensen - review and criticism of Jensen including rebuttal to his fallacious understanding of regression to the mean]
*[http://www.healthgeomatics.com/award-winner-in-dumb-research/ The importance of good research on tricky policy topics - criticism of OpenPsych Noah Carl paper (sidenote: Cambridge has rescinded his fellowship)]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232597552_The_cultural_malleability_of_intelligence_and_its_impact_on_the_racialethnic_hierarchy The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy - overview of academic literature on cultural and environmental explanations for racial achievement gap]
*[https://thealternativehypothesis.org/index.php/2017/01/16/regression-to-the-mean Regression to the Mean - analysis by hereditarian Ryan Faulk (The Alternative Hypothesis) of regression to the mean and the fallacy of infinite regression]
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Revision as of 16:29, 13 April 2023

Scientific racism or, using the now popular right-wing euphemism, race realism, is the use of either legitimate science or pseudoscience to lend undue credence to racist beliefs.

See also

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