Neocolonialism: Difference between revisions

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'''Neocolonialism''', alternatively spelled '''neo-colonialism''' and also known as '''[[colonialism]] without colonies''', '''informal empire''', '''informal imperialism''' or '''neoimperialism''' (itself alternatively spelled '''neo-imperialism'''), is the prevailing mode of capitalist domination in which a bourgeois state grants the trappings of sovereignty to a weaker country while finance capital retains control over most of its profitable resources. Unlike territorial [[imperialism]], neoimperialism does not directly colonize countries, instead trapping them in a relation that makes them economically dependent on the neoimperialist state.<ref name=AE15>{{safesubst:cite book|en|author=Michael Parenti|authorlink=Michael Parenti|chapter=1|editor=Nancy J. Peters|title=Against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=City Light Books|year=1995|isbn=0-87286-298-4|oclc=|section=|sectionurl=|page=15|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC&pg=PA15}}</ref> <ref name=MIA>{{safesubst:cite web|editor=Andy Blunden|title=Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia|url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/n/e.htm#neocolonialism}}</ref>
'''Neocolonialism''', alternatively spelled '''neo-colonialism''' and also known as '''[[colonialism]] without colonies''', '''informal empire''', '''informal imperialism''' or '''neoimperialism''' (itself alternatively spelled '''neo-imperialism'''), is the prevailing mode of capitalist domination in which a bourgeois state grants the trappings of sovereignty to a weaker country while finance capital retains control over most of its profitable resources. Unlike territorial [[imperialism]], neoimperialism does not directly colonize countries, instead trapping them in a relation that makes them economically dependent on the neoimperialist state.<ref name=AE15>{{safesubst:cite book|en|author=Michael Parenti|authorlink=Michael Parenti|chapter=1|editor=Nancy J. Peters|title=Against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=City Light Books|year=1995|isbn=0-87286-298-4|oclc=|section=|sectionurl=|page=15|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC&pg=PA15}}</ref><ref name=MIA>{{safesubst:cite web|editor=Andy Blunden|title=Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia|url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/n/e.htm#neocolonialism}}</ref>


Under neoimperialism, a neocolony will have pretensions to independence, such as an otherwise native government administering and paying for the affairs at home, but in practice the supreme authority with regards to policies, wealth, and other resources is the neoimperialist state.<ref name=AE16>{{safesubst:cite book|en|author=Michael Parenti|authorlink=Michael Parenti|chapter=1|editor=Nancy J. Peters|title=Against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=City Light Books|year=1995|isbn=0-87286-298-4|oclc=|section=|sectionurl=|page=16|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC&pg=PA16}}</ref> The neoimperialists do not rely on violence for either imposing a colonial government or excluding other imperial powers, but merely to secure the conditions for domination. [[Money]] is the neoimperialists’ first resort for dominating others, and failing that they rely on violence,<ref name=MIA/> usually channeled through native rebels, but sometimes they still channel it through direct invasion as well, only with the goal of installing an allied capitalist régime rather than just annexation.
Under neoimperialism, a neocolony will have pretensions to independence, such as an otherwise native government administering and paying for the affairs at home, but in practice the supreme authority with regards to policies, wealth, and other resources is the neoimperialist state.<ref name=AE16>{{safesubst:cite book|en|author=Michael Parenti|authorlink=Michael Parenti|chapter=1|editor=Nancy J. Peters|title=Against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=City Light Books|year=1995|isbn=0-87286-298-4|oclc=|section=|sectionurl=|page=16|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC&pg=PA16}}</ref> The neoimperialists do not rely on violence for either imposing a colonial government or excluding other imperial powers, but merely to secure the conditions for domination. [[Money]] is the neoimperialists’ first resort for dominating others, and failing that they rely on violence,<ref name=MIA/> usually channeled through native rebels, but sometimes they still channel it through direct invasion as well, only with the goal of installing an allied capitalist régime rather than just annexation.
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The term neocolonialism has been in use since the 1950s, but the practice itself dates to the early 1900s, when the Cubans won their independence from Spain in the late 1890s only to transfer into the dominion of [[Imperial America]] for the next decade.<ref name=MIA/> While technically the Cubans now had their own government, constitution, currency, security force, and national symbols, the White House reserved the final say on foreign policy decisions as well as Cuban resources.<ref name=AE15/>
The term neocolonialism has been in use since the 1950s, but the practice itself dates to the early 1900s, when the Cubans won their independence from Spain in the late 1890s only to transfer into the dominion of [[Imperial America]] for the next decade.<ref name=MIA/> While technically the Cubans now had their own government, constitution, currency, security force, and national symbols, the White House reserved the final say on foreign policy decisions as well as Cuban resources.<ref name=AE15/>


The American bourgeoisie further developed the practice of neoimperialism in 1913, promoting national independence from the Great Powers for colonies such as the Philippines, and the white bourgeoisie fully developed the practice by the [[Cold War]],<ref name=MIA/> in which the British, French, and Japanese bourgeoisies likewise adopted neoimperialism as a less costly and more politically expedient alternative to outright colonial rule.<ref name=AE16/> <ref name=MIA/> The [[Third Reich]] also practised neoimperialism in Southeastern Europe, especially in the [[Kingdom of Romania]] and the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], using ideas and institutions that evolved during the [[Second Reich]] or afterwards. The Reich’s neocolonies proved crucial for providing the resources necessary for committing traditional imperialism elsewhere in Eurasia.<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Gross|first=Stephen|title=Export Empire: German Soft Power in Southeastern Europe, 1890–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDDuCgAAQBAJ|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|pages=1–23|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDDuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT19|ISBN=978-1-107-11225-4}}</ref>
The American bourgeoisie further developed the practice of neoimperialism in 1913, promoting national independence from the Great Powers for colonies such as the Philippines, and the white bourgeoisie fully developed the practice by the [[Cold War]],<ref name=MIA/> in which the British, French, and Japanese bourgeoisies likewise adopted neoimperialism as a less costly and more politically expedient alternative to outright colonial rule.<ref name=MIA/><ref name=AE16/> The [[Third Reich]] also practised neoimperialism in Southeastern Europe, especially in the [[Kingdom of Romania]] and the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], using ideas and institutions that evolved during the [[Second Reich]] or afterwards. The Reich's neocolonies proved crucial for providing the resources necessary for committing traditional imperialism elsewhere in Eurasia.<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Gross|first=Stephen|title=Export Empire: German Soft Power in Southeastern Europe, 1890–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDDuCgAAQBAJ|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|pages=1–23|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDDuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT19|ISBN=978-1-107-11225-4}}</ref>


Not all attempts at neocolonialism have been successful. For example, during the late 1940s the White House began a project called Operation Bloodstone, a plan designed to recruit disgruntled Easterners (ranging from social democrats to Fascists) and prepare them for forcibly reclaiming regions in the [[USSR]]<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Simpson|first=Christopher|chapter=eight|editor=Mark Crispin Miller|title=Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Open Road Media|year=2014|section=|page=79|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|isbn=9781497623064|oclc=|text=}}</ref> while concealing and denying any Western culpability.<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Simpson|first=Christopher|chapter=eight|editor=Mark Crispin Miller|title=Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Open Road Media|year=2014|section=|pages=78|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78|isbn=9781497623064|oclc=|text=}}</ref> But internal difficulties such as factional infighting,<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Simpson|first=Christopher|chapter=eight|editor=Mark Crispin Miller|title=Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Open Road Media|year=2014|section=|pages=102|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|isbn=9781497623064|oclc=|text=}}</ref> as well as the overwhelming strength of Soviet forces, made the operation a long‐term failure. Sometimes bourgeois states do succeed in establishing a neocolony for a while, but due to the lack of ''de facto'' independence the neocolony still carries the risk of natives replacing it, sometimes with the assistance of a new national leader who is or becomes patriotic or reformist rather than a comprador collaborator.<ref name=AE17>{{safesubst:cite book|en|author=Michael Parenti|authorlink=Michael Parenti|chapter=1|editor=Nancy J. Peters|title=Against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=City Light Books|year=1995|isbn=0-87286-298-4|oclc=|section=|sectionurl=|page=17|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC&pg=PA17}}</ref> One example of this is [[Manuel Antonio Noriega]], who started his rulership in Panama as a [[CIA]] asset but gradually became less and less compliant with the neoimperialists over time, resulting in Imperial America directly invading Panama in 1989 and leaving it with a more compliant neocolonial régime in 1990.<ref>{{safesubst:cite web|title=The Panama Deception|url=https://invidious.snopyta.org/embed/Zo6yVNWcGCo|year=1992}}</ref>
Not all attempts at neocolonialism have been successful. For example, during the late 1940s the White House began a project called Operation Bloodstone, a plan designed to recruit disgruntled Easterners (ranging from social democrats to Fascists) and prepare them for forcibly reclaiming regions in the [[USSR]]<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Simpson|first=Christopher|chapter=eight|editor=Mark Crispin Miller|title=Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Open Road Media|year=2014|section=|page=79|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|isbn=9781497623064|oclc=|text=}}</ref> while concealing and denying any Western culpability.<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Simpson|first=Christopher|chapter=eight|editor=Mark Crispin Miller|title=Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Open Road Media|year=2014|section=|pages=78|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78|isbn=9781497623064|oclc=|text=}}</ref> But internal difficulties such as factional infighting,<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Simpson|first=Christopher|chapter=eight|editor=Mark Crispin Miller|title=Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Open Road Media|year=2014|section=|pages=102|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3qdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|isbn=9781497623064|oclc=|text=}}</ref> as well as the overwhelming strength of Soviet forces, made the operation a long‐term failure. Sometimes bourgeois states do succeed in establishing a neocolony for a while, but due to the lack of ''de facto'' independence the neocolony still carries the risk of natives replacing it, sometimes with the assistance of a new national leader who is or becomes patriotic or reformist rather than a comprador collaborator.<ref name=AE17>{{safesubst:cite book|en|author=Michael Parenti|authorlink=Michael Parenti|chapter=1|editor=Nancy J. Peters|title=Against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=City Light Books|year=1995|isbn=0-87286-298-4|oclc=|section=|sectionurl=|page=17|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlkXpSKivwIC&pg=PA17}}</ref> One example of this is [[Manuel Antonio Noriega]], who started his rulership in Panama as a [[CIA]] asset but gradually became less and less compliant with the neoimperialists over time, resulting in Imperial America directly invading Panama in 1989 and leaving it with a more compliant neocolonial régime in 1990.<ref>{{safesubst:cite web|title=The Panama Deception|url=https://invidious.snopyta.org/embed/Zo6yVNWcGCo|year=1992}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 22:29, 6 May 2023

Neocolonialism, alternatively spelled neo-colonialism and also known as colonialism without colonies, informal empire, informal imperialism or neoimperialism (itself alternatively spelled neo-imperialism), is the prevailing mode of capitalist domination in which a bourgeois state grants the trappings of sovereignty to a weaker country while finance capital retains control over most of its profitable resources. Unlike territorial imperialism, neoimperialism does not directly colonize countries, instead trapping them in a relation that makes them economically dependent on the neoimperialist state.[1][2]

Under neoimperialism, a neocolony will have pretensions to independence, such as an otherwise native government administering and paying for the affairs at home, but in practice the supreme authority with regards to policies, wealth, and other resources is the neoimperialist state.[3] The neoimperialists do not rely on violence for either imposing a colonial government or excluding other imperial powers, but merely to secure the conditions for domination. Money is the neoimperialists’ first resort for dominating others, and failing that they rely on violence,[2] usually channeled through native rebels, but sometimes they still channel it through direct invasion as well, only with the goal of installing an allied capitalist régime rather than just annexation.

History

The term neocolonialism has been in use since the 1950s, but the practice itself dates to the early 1900s, when the Cubans won their independence from Spain in the late 1890s only to transfer into the dominion of Imperial America for the next decade.[2] While technically the Cubans now had their own government, constitution, currency, security force, and national symbols, the White House reserved the final say on foreign policy decisions as well as Cuban resources.[1]

The American bourgeoisie further developed the practice of neoimperialism in 1913, promoting national independence from the Great Powers for colonies such as the Philippines, and the white bourgeoisie fully developed the practice by the Cold War,[2] in which the British, French, and Japanese bourgeoisies likewise adopted neoimperialism as a less costly and more politically expedient alternative to outright colonial rule.[2][3] The Third Reich also practised neoimperialism in Southeastern Europe, especially in the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, using ideas and institutions that evolved during the Second Reich or afterwards. The Reich's neocolonies proved crucial for providing the resources necessary for committing traditional imperialism elsewhere in Eurasia.[4]

Not all attempts at neocolonialism have been successful. For example, during the late 1940s the White House began a project called Operation Bloodstone, a plan designed to recruit disgruntled Easterners (ranging from social democrats to Fascists) and prepare them for forcibly reclaiming regions in the USSR[5] while concealing and denying any Western culpability.[6] But internal difficulties such as factional infighting,[7] as well as the overwhelming strength of Soviet forces, made the operation a long‐term failure. Sometimes bourgeois states do succeed in establishing a neocolony for a while, but due to the lack of de facto independence the neocolony still carries the risk of natives replacing it, sometimes with the assistance of a new national leader who is or becomes patriotic or reformist rather than a comprador collaborator.[8] One example of this is Manuel Antonio Noriega, who started his rulership in Panama as a CIA asset but gradually became less and less compliant with the neoimperialists over time, resulting in Imperial America directly invading Panama in 1989 and leaving it with a more compliant neocolonial régime in 1990.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Michael Parenti (1995). "1". In Nancy J. Peters (ed.). Against Empire. San Francisco: City Light Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-87286-298-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |sectionurl= (help); External link in |pageurl= (help); Text "en" ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Andy Blunden (ed.). "Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Michael Parenti (1995). "1". In Nancy J. Peters (ed.). Against Empire. San Francisco: City Light Books. p. 16. ISBN 0-87286-298-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |sectionurl= (help); External link in |pageurl= (help); Text "en" ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Gross, Stephen (2015). Export Empire: German Soft Power in Southeastern Europe, 1890–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 978-1-107-11225-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |pageurl= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Simpson, Christopher (2014). "eight". In Mark Crispin Miller (ed.). Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy. New York: Open Road Media. p. 79. ISBN 9781497623064. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |text= (help); Unknown parameter |pageurl= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Simpson, Christopher (2014). "eight". In Mark Crispin Miller (ed.). Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy. New York: Open Road Media. p. 78. ISBN 9781497623064. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |text= (help); Unknown parameter |pageurl= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Simpson, Christopher (2014). "eight". In Mark Crispin Miller (ed.). Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy. New York: Open Road Media. p. 102. ISBN 9781497623064. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |text= (help); Unknown parameter |pageurl= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Michael Parenti (1995). "1". In Nancy J. Peters (ed.). Against Empire. San Francisco: City Light Books. p. 17. ISBN 0-87286-298-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |sectionurl= (help); External link in |pageurl= (help); Text "en" ignored (help)
  9. ↑ "The Panama Deception". 1992.
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