Operation Gladio: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Harrystein (talk | contribs) |
Harrystein (talk | contribs) m (WL. Too much?) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Operation Gladio''' was a terrorist network that the [[CIA]] established in Europe in 1949<ref name=Blum107>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Blum|first=William|edition=third|chapter=15|title=Killing Hope: US Military & CIA Interventions since World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IbQvd13uToC|location=London|publisher=Zed Books|year=2004|page=107| | '''Operation Gladio''' was a terrorist network that the [[CIA]] established in [[Europe]] in 1949<ref name=Blum107>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Blum|first=William|edition=third|chapter=15|title=Killing Hope: US Military & CIA Interventions since World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IbQvd13uToC|location=London|publisher=Zed Books|year=2004|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IbQvd13uToC&pg=PA107|ISBN=1 84277 368 2}}</ref> with the goal of suppressing socialism, although the "official" goal was to defend against a supposed "[[Warsaw Pact]] invasion".<ref name=Libcom>{{safesubst:cite web|title=1958-1990: Operation Gladio, Italy|url=https://libcom.org/files/1958-1990%20Operation%20Gladio,%20Italy.pdf}} Libcom.org.</ref> Originally it only involved [[British]], [[American]], and [[Belgium|Belgian]] nationals, but it soon extended to almost every [[anticommunist]] state in Europe (besides [[Iceland]] and [[Ireland]]).<ref name=Blum107/> At one point it had 15,000 members and access to 151 secret arms dumps. Its presence was a secret until Giulio Andreotti admitted to its existence in a report to the Stragi commission in 1990.<ref name=Libcom/> | ||
The Italian branch appears to have been established by [[S.I.F.O.R.]] in 1958, and had 139 secret weapons dépôts in the [[Italian Republic]]. It originally drew its recruits from mercenaries who fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and the Fascists who worked for the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Ganser|first=Daniele|chapter=6|title= | The Italian branch appears to have been established by [[S.I.F.O.R.]] in 1958, and had 139 secret weapons dépôts in the [[Italian Republic]]. It originally drew its recruits from mercenaries who fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and the Fascists who worked for the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref>{{safesubst:cite book|last=Ganser|first=Daniele|chapter=6|title=NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe|location=London & New York|publisher=Frank Cass|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0uRAgAAQBAJ|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0uRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|ISBN=0-203-01777-3}}</ref> In the Italian Republic it caused over 300 deaths from the 1970s to the early 1980s.<ref name=Blum107/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:58, 29 April 2023
Operation Gladio was a terrorist network that the CIA established in Europe in 1949[1] with the goal of suppressing socialism, although the "official" goal was to defend against a supposed "Warsaw Pact invasion".[2] Originally it only involved British, American, and Belgian nationals, but it soon extended to almost every anticommunist state in Europe (besides Iceland and Ireland).[1] At one point it had 15,000 members and access to 151 secret arms dumps. Its presence was a secret until Giulio Andreotti admitted to its existence in a report to the Stragi commission in 1990.[2]
The Italian branch appears to have been established by S.I.F.O.R. in 1958, and had 139 secret weapons dépôts in the Italian Republic. It originally drew its recruits from mercenaries who fought in the Spanish Civil War and the Fascists who worked for the Italian Social Republic.[3] In the Italian Republic it caused over 300 deaths from the 1970s to the early 1980s.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Blum, William (2004). "15". Killing Hope: US Military & CIA Interventions since World War II (third ed.). London: Zed Books. p. 107. ISBN 1 84277 368 2.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "1958-1990: Operation Gladio, Italy" (PDF). Libcom.org.
- ↑ Ganser, Daniele (2005). "6". NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe. London & New York: Frank Cass. p. 75. ISBN 0-203-01777-3.