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            "5833": {
                "pageid": 5833,
                "ns": 0,
                "title": "Reaction",
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                        "*": "{{Redirect|Reactionary politics|right-wing politics in general|Rightism}}\n\n'''Reaction''' is a label used by [[Marxist]]s and some [[liberal]]s to refer either to a movement which aims to reverse the effects of a [[social revolution]], or to a period in which such a movement gains control of society. Supporters of reaction are called '''reactionaries''', and their position, '''reactionism''' or '''reactionaryism'''. Reaction is an inevitable consequence of social revolution as it collides with the [[political]] power of the [[ruling class]]es and disturbs elements of the [[superstructure]] \u2014 including social mores, traditions, and institutions \u2014 which support them. Hence, reactionaries tend to support [[conservative]] positions on issues like family planning, religion, gender relations, and social hierarchy. The term \"reactionary\" itself stems from the French ''r\u00e9action'', first used during the [[French Revolution]] to refer to [[monarchist]] forces and, later, the \"[[Thermidor|Thermidorian Reaction]]\" (''R\u00e9action thermidorienne''), a tempering of revolutionary activity following the defeat of the [[Jacobins]]. One of its earliest uses in English was in a 1799 translation of Lazare Carnot's letter on the Coup of 18 Fructidor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xMdDAAAAYAAJ&q=reactionaries&pg=PA149#v=snippet&q=reactionaries&f=false ''Reply of L. N. M. Carnot: Citizen of France to the Report Made on the Conspiracy of the 18th Fructidor, 5th Year''], p.149, Google Books.</ref> Its sense was soon generalized and used throughout Europe to apply to such a force in any social revolution. [[Karl Marx]], whose great interest was the nature of social revolutions, uses the term in the short ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' no less than thirteen times.\n\nGovernments or groups which oppose [[progressive]] forces are also considered to be reactionary, as they hold back the revolutionary development of the forces and relations of production. For example, although [[Great Britain]] had opposed the French Revolution and fought against it, Marx saw the British role in post-[[Napoleon]]ic Europe as progressive due to its rivalry with the [[Russian Empire]], the \"last great reserve of all European reaction\".<ref name=\"cmeng82\">Friedrich Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/preface.htm#preface-1882 Preface to the 1882 Russian Edition of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party''], at Marxists.org.</ref> Indeed, Russia, along with [[Prussia]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], held an interest in maintaining monarchist and [[feudal]] institutions across Europe, driving the three powers, collectively known as the Holy Alliance, to continuously intervene in foreign revolutions throughout the 19th century, most notably [[Revolutions of 1848|in 1848]]. In addition to the reactionaries of the old ruling classes, [[Karl Marx]] described the reactionary role of the French [[peasantry]] in his 1852 work ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte]]'', and was often wary of the ambiguous role of the peasantry in general. Marx also maintained, in the ''Communist Manifesto'' and elsewhere, that the ''[[Lumpenproletariat]]'', or non-proletarian poor, were highly prone to becoming a \"bribed tool of reactionary intrigue\",<ref>K. Marx and F. Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'', Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians], at Marxists.org.</ref> such as during the February Revolution in France.<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/ch01.htm ''The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850''; Part I: The Defeat of June 1848], at Marxists.org. Marx describes the role of the ''Lumpen'' Mobile Guard in suppressing the workers' revolution.</ref>\n\n[[Fascism]] and political [[anti-communism]] were the two major forms of reaction in the 20th century. Fascism in particular resembled the 19th century reactionary movements in that it followed in the wake of serious threats from the left, such as the [[Italy|Italian]] ''[[Biennio rosso]]'' and the [[German Revolution|German Revolution of 1918]]. Other important reactionary groups include the Russian and Finnish [[White movement]]s, the [[Kuomintang|Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT)]], and the Spanish Nationalists during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Use of the term continues into the 21st century, but the concept is less clear than it was in the 19th and 20th, as [[monarchist]]s and the [[aristocracy]] are no longer the political forces they once were. Reactionists therefore play a different role in the [[class struggle]] of today.\n\n==Etymology==\nThe word is transparent in meaning, stemming directly from the \"reaction\" of the status-quo parties \u2014 what Marx called the \"[[party of order]]\" \u2014 to the upheaval of the revolution. The historical importance of the French Revolution meant that its concepts and terminology were quickly loaned or calqued into the major languages of Europe and, later, the world. In this sense, the very idea of \"reaction\" is inseparable from concepts like \"[[conservative]]\" (Fr. ''conservatif''), \"[[liberal]]\" (''lib\u00e9rale''),<ref>{{cite book | last=Kirchner | first=Emil Joseph | title=Liberal parties in Western Europe | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge [England] | date=1988 | isbn=0-521-32394-0 | oclc=17325567 | pages=2\u20133}}</ref> and even \"[[revolution]]\" itself (''r\u00e9volution''). The word \"reaction\" has fallen out of use in countries like the [[United States of America|United States]] compared to these other terms, but in other places it remains in use.\n==Features==\n==History==\n===Before 1789===\nThe science of revolution could not be understood until the conditions of 18th-century France, especially the replacement of [[religious]] [[ideology]] with [[Enlightenment]] secularism, laid bare its nature. This allows us to apply modern concepts of revolution to historical revolutions, including [[bourgeois revolution|bourgeois ones]].\n===French Revolution===\n===Revolutions of 1848===\n===Anti-communism===\n{{main|Anti-communism}}\n===World War I===\n{{main|World War I}}\n===Fascism===\n{{main|Fascism}}\n{{fascism}}The term ''reaction'' was in common use in post-WW1 Europe, usually to refer to monarchists. Fascists, on the other hand, held that they were a [[syncretic]] \"third position\" which was not reactionary and, in fact, opposed to reactionism. This was arguably true in the sense that the fascist social base was different from that of European monarchism, and it represented a different intellectual milieu. However, since one of the goals of fascism is to co-opt and smash independent working-class activity, the result is still a reactionary development.\n\n===Cold War===\n====CIA====\n{{main|Central Intelligence Agency}}\n====Suharto====\n====Kuomintang====\n{{main|Kuomintang}}\n===Post-Cold War===\n====Eurasianism====\n====Alt-right====\n{{main|Alt-right}}\n==References==\n{{reflist}}\n[[Category:Ideologies]]"
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            "5619": {
                "pageid": 5619,
                "ns": 0,
                "title": "Reading guides",
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                        "*": "This page contains a list of '''Marxist reading guides''' designed for readers of all experience levels.\n<!-- These seem easily combinable into two sections with slight tweaks: \"I. Guide to Marx and Engels\" and \"II. Supplementary texts\". Maybe I or someone will end up doing that. -->\n\n=Marxistpedia=\nThis reading guide was imported from [[Marxistpedia]] and written by an unknown user. It follows a more traditional outline of Marxism through primary sources. <!-- Right? -->\n\n==Beginner==\n===Politics===\n====Friedrich Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm ''Principles of Communism'']====\n{{main|Principles of Communism}}\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'']====\n{{main|Manifesto of the Communist Party}}\n===Economics===\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour ''Wage-Labour and Capital'']====\n{{main|Wage-Labour and Capital}}\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit/ ''Value, Price and Profit'']====\n{{main|Value, Price and Profit}}\n===Philosophy===\n===History===\n\n== Intermediate ==\n===Politics===\n====Friedrich Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'']====\n{{main|Socialism: Utopian and Scientific}}\n===Economics===\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ ''Capital Volume I'']====\n{{main|Capital Volume I}}\n====I. I. Rubin, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/rubin/value/ ''Essays on Marx's Theory of Value'']====\n===Philosophy===\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/ ''Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right'']====\n{{main|Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right}}\n===History===\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/index.htm ''The Civil War in France'']====\n{{main|The Civil War in France}}\n====Friedrich Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class/ ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'']====\n\n== Advanced ==\n===Politics===\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ ''Grundrisse'']====\n{{main|Grundrisse}}\n===Economics===\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/index.htm ''Capital Volume II'']====\n{{main|Capital Volume II}}\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ ''Capital Volume III'']====\n{{main|Capital Volume III}}\n===Philosophy===\n====Friedrich Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/ ''Anti-D\u00fchring'']====\n{{main|Anti-D\u00fchring}}\n===History===\n\n=Leftypedia=\nThis guide was written by users from Leftypedia and focuses on secondary sources which put Marx and Engels's thought in context.\n==Marxism==\n===Introduction===\n====Michael Heinrich, [https://libcom.org/library/introduction-three-volumes-karl-marxs-capital ''An introduction to the three volumes of Karl Marx's Capital'']====\nThis book is widely popular in Marxist study groups, and is used widely in German universities whose country this was first published in. The author systematically covers all three volumes of Capital and explains all the basic aspects of Marx's critique of capitalism in a way that is clear and concise. He provides background information on the intellectual and political milieu in which Marx worked, and looks at crucial issues beyond the scope of ''Capital'', such as class struggle, the relationship between capital and the state, accusations of historical determinism, and Marx's understanding of communism. Uniquely, Heinrich emphasizes the monetary character of Marx's work, in addition to the traditional emphasis on the [[labor theory of value]], this highlighting the relevance of Capital to the age of financial explosions and implosions.\n\n====David N. Smith, ''Marx's Capital Illustrated''====\n\n====Michael Wayne, ''Marx's Das Kapital for Beginners''====\n''Marx\u2019s Das Kapital For Beginners'' is an introduction to the Marxist critique of capitalist production and its consequences for a whole range of social activities such as politics, media, education and religion. ''Das Kapital'' is not a critique of a particular capitalist system in a particular country at a particular time, but rather its aim was to identify the essential features that define capitalism, in whatever country it develops and in whatever historical period. For this reason, ''Das Kapital'' is necessarily a fairly general, abstract analysis. As a result, it can be fairly difficult to read and comprehend. At the same time, understanding Das Kapital is crucial for mastering Marx's insights to capitalism. ''Marx's ''Das Kapital'' For Beginners'' offers an accessible path through Marx's arguments and his key questions: What is a commodity? Where does wealth come from? What is value? What happens to work under capitalism? Why is crisis part of capitalism's DNA? And what happens to our consciousness, our very perceptions of reality and our ways of thinking and feeling under capitalism?\n\n====David Harvey, [https://libcom.org/library/companion-marxs-capital ''A companion to Marx's Capital'']====\nThis book seeks to explain ''Capital, Volume I'' and is based on Harvey's lectures from right before the book's writing, giving original and sometimes critical interpretations of ''Capital''. Note that while Harvey's reading guide has helped some people get into reading Capital, Harvey has a tendency to skip over or misrepresent many of Marx's key arguments. [https://libcom.org/library/companion-david-harveys-companion-marxs-capital-chapter-1-critisticuffs This review] of the reading guide is recommended. See also Harvey's introduction to Chapter 1: https://libcom.org/library/companion-marxs-capital. There's also a book for the second volume.\n\n====Rius, ''Marx for Beginners''====\nA cartoon book summarizing the works of Karl Marx: the origins of Marxist philosophy, history, and economics; capital, labor, class struggle, as well as socialism.\n\n====Peter Singer, [https://libgen.lc/item/index.php?md5=ECAFBBFB176B4C3CF089BCE70279798A ''Marx: A Very Short Introduction'']====\nPeter Singer identifies the central vision that unifies Marx's thought, enabling for Marx's views as a whole to be grasped. He sees him as a philosopher primarily concerned with human freedom, rather than as an economist or a social scientist. In plain English, he explains [[alienation]], [[historical materialism]], the economic theory of Capital, and Marx's ideas of communism, and concludes with an assessment of Marx's legacy. Keep in mind however that this book was first published in 1980 and then reissued in 1996 \u2014 at this time, there was not as much material to support the scientific claims of Marxism, such as that capitalism as a system tends towards increasing inequality and that the rate of profit continuously falls. This author in particular is rather skeptical of the scientific aspect of Marxism, though in the 21st century there is much more data and empirical observation to validate these predictions.\n\n===Conditions and life of Marx and Engels===\n====Isaiah Berlin, [https://libcom.org/library/karl-marx-his-life-environment-1939-isaiah-berlin ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'']====\n====Franz Mehring, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/mehring/1918/marx/index.htm ''Karl Marx: The Story of His Life'']====\n====Boris Nicolaievsky & Otto Maenchen-Helfen, [https://libcom.org/library/karl-marx-man-fighter-1933-boris-nicolaievsky-otto-maenchen-helfen ''Karl Marx: Man and Fighter'']====\n====Tristram Hunt, ''Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels''====\n\n===Background to Marxism===\n====[[G. W. F. Hegel]]====\n{{main|G. W. F. Hegel}}\nHe developed a rather modern form of dialectics that recognized the importance of antitheses in logic, whereas the dialectics of the Ancient Greeks for example, did not. Marx saw this as a dramatic improvement and would incorporate this into his own idea of dialectical materialism.\n\n====[[Ludwig Feuerbach]]====\n{{main|Ludwig Feuerbach}}\nHis materialist writing was an inspiration for Marx, who had written about him in [[Theses on Feuerbach]].\n\n====[[Adam Smith]] and [[David Ricardo]]====\n{{main|Adam Smith|David Ricardo}}\nPolitical economists who are one of the most influential classical economists. Marxism is in part an economic science, and so draws some concepts from these two thinkers, such as the [[Labor theory of value]].\n\n====[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Charles Fourier]], and [[Henri de Saint-Simon]]====\nEarly socialist thinkers who Marx developed on, largely by applying the elements of class struggle that were beginning to take form during his time, yet which were rather absent in the times of these authors and so is rather absent. Marx and Engels would later refer to them as the [[utopian socialism|utopian socialists]].\n\n====[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]====\nHis writings on private property were found useful by Marx and were incorporated into his own ideas and writings.\n\n===[[Dialectical materialism]]===\n====[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question ''[[On the Jewish Question]]'']====\nAn essay by Marx in which he criticizes fellow [[Young Hegelian]] [[Bruno Bauer]] and in this begins to develop a materialist conception of history.\n\n====[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr ''[[Critique of Hegel\u2019s Philosophy of Right]]'']====\nMarx comments on Hegel's work ''Elements of the Philosophy of Right'', in which he begins to develop his theory of [[alienation]].\n\n====Karl Marx, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm ''Theses on Feuerbach'']====\n{{main|Theses on Feuerbach}}\nEleven short notes written by Marx as a basic outline for the first chapter of ''[[The German Ideology]]'' in 1845. Here he criticizes the materialism of the [[Young Hegelians]] for not putting the nature of man in context of his economic and social relations. Marx argues that merely understanding the origins of religious belief were not enough in moving towards its elimination, instead declaring that it was the underlying social and economic structure which gave rise to religious belief and that it was a transformation of this which was a necessary precondition to the elimination of [[religion]].\n\n====Friedrich Engels, [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/don/index.htm ''Dialectics of Nature'']====\n{{main|Dialectics of Nature}}\nAn unfinished work by Engels that applies Marxist ideas, particularly those of dialectical materialism, to science, which at the time was outputting many revolutionary discoveries such as the discovery of the cell, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, and Darwinian evolution. Throughout the work, Engels battles with various unscientific schools of thought prevalent among scientists, especially idealism and vulgar materialism. Though certain aspects of the book are obsolete, such as some scientific data that was just the imperfect product of its time, the book's general methodology and analysis remain valid today. It also develops the comments that Engels had made about science in ''[[Anti-D\u00fchring]]'', as well as including Engels' essay \"The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man\", which has also been published separately as a pamphlet, wherein Engels argues that the hand and brain grew together, an idea supported by later fossil discoveries (particularly in Australopithecus afarensis).\n\n==Soviet Union==\n[[Grover Furr]] is an author on the Stalinist period of the USSR and has written material disproving bourgeois lies, such as about the [[Holodomor]] and [[Great Purge]]. [[Michael Parenti]] is another author who centers around formerly socialist states, although his works are usually biased towards the governance of [[Khrushchev]] and [[Brezhnev]]. Victor Zemskov is a good resource as well, however his works are largely in Russian only. Interestingly, he was anti-Stalinist and anti-Soviet before starting his research into the archives concerning purges, however in his research he has actually taken on a pro-Soviet attitude instead. Other good historians include Arch J. Getty, R. W. Davies, Stephen G. Wheatcroft, and [[Domenico Losurdo]]. Alec Nove's work is also useful for learning about the economy of the USSR, plus Lars Lih has done some great studies of Lenin and his ideas, which correct a number of huge myths about the Russian Revolution and the early USSR. There are also articles on the early USSR posted on https://weeklyworker.co.uk and https://johnriddell.com.\n\nStephen Kotkin is a very poor source, as he tries to psychologize Stalin as some crazy paranoid figure in place of actual historical and structural analysis, like the one laid down by Getty three decades before him. The WSWS published a great takedown of his work [https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/06/01/kot1-j01.html here].\n\n==See also==\n*https://www.marxists.org/subject/students/index.htm\n=References=\n{{reflist}}\n[[Category:Theory]]\n[[Category:Texts]]"
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